"Drugs Are a Taboo”: A Qualitative Study on Young People's Perspective on The Role of Education and Harm Reduction Strategies Associated With The Use of Psychoactive Substances Before Adulthood


 Background The use of psychoactive substances frequently starts at a younger age than adulthood. Having in mind the advantages of taking into consideration the youth perspective, this retrospective study tried to provide them with a role in identifying their own needs regarding drug use focused interventions, the obstacles in accessing both general health and harm reduction services; the changes needed for a more effective, congruent and empowering response to the use of psychoactive substances before the age of 18.Methods The study was divided into two parts. Both parts had a qualitative focus complemented with a quantitative dimension and were supported by a multi-method approach. The first part was comprised of a questionnaire sent online to all harm reduction teams and two focus groups with eight harm reduction professionals and six people who use(d) drugs. The second part used an online questionnaire applied to 143 participants aged between the age of 18 to 25 complemented by two semi-structured interviews.Results The need for Information, Education and Communication (IEC) Activities in the drug education field, namely in the educational context; the lack of information about available services; the need for confidentiality were the most mentioned issues by the young people. Also, the informal network played a significant role in the participants relationship with psychoactive substances.Conclusions The lack of information was the most highlighted obstacle. Also, there is a confluence of various vulnerabilities such as being under 18, using drugs and the different social situations that they live in. To improve policy and practice regarding drug use among young people, harm reduction interventions must be scaled-up as well as intentionally driven to empower youth to deal with. School environment was chosen by participants as one of the elected environments to implement Harm Reduction services.


Background
Adolescence is a privileged time for experimentation and risk behaviours such as using psychoactive substances (1)(2)(3)(4)as re ected in many of the statistical studies (5,6).
Using drugs is considered a risk behaviour as it can compromise, directly or indirectly, the psychosocial aspects of the adolescents' development (2,7,8). However, this behaviour cannot be seen as problematic per se due to the fact that not all drug use in adolescence will become problematic or chronic (7,(9)(10)(11). In that sense, there is the need to explore holistic approaches that avoid censorship and pathologization (8,9,11) while accommodating two functions of drug use that should not be ignored: exploration and experimentation (1,9,12). Hence, drug use may play a developmental function that must be taken into consideration in interventions with young people (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). Seeing it as an exploratory behaviour gives the opportunity for the adolescent to have a participative role in their social environment (14) encompassing organizations that work with this target group (15,16). The youngsters' views about institutions and services reveal some obstacles towards their intervention. The most mentioned obstacle is con dentiality (17,18) that when breached can lead to a mistrust in the institution (19)(20)(21). Also, there is some evidence of a lack of information on how and where community services can be reached (13,21).
As a possible solution, health education through Information, Education and Communication (IEC) speci c and tailored activities can be a mean to increase health literacy (22)(23)(24)(25)(26) that is a tool to empower people to use and access effectively the information in order to have more control over their health (24,25).
Adolescence is a privileged period for an empowered and informed decision making phase (23,27).
Having this in mind, schools may be one of the most adequate contexts to promote health literacy (23) in various domains such as drug use One of the promising strategies to address it is thought to be harm reduction philosophy (12,(28)(29)(30) since it allows a more pragmatic and exible response to the use of drugs in adolescents (12,(28)(29)(30) and it can become a link between them and other health and social services (31)(32)(33).
Despite these advantages, young people's attendance to harm reduction services is reduced (13,32,34) due to the lack of knowledge about its existence (13); the lack of adaptation to adolescents´ drug use (e.g. smoking drugs VS injecting) (13,31,33,34); and the resistance of young people to assume themselves in the services as people who use psychoactive substances (13,33). Also, age restrictions (13,18,31,32,34) prevent the professionals from retrieving important information and it imposes an ambiguous role to their intervention with this public (18,31).
Hence, adolescents are seen as a vulnerable population due to their age (35) but in reality, their vulnerability is systemic (31,34,35) because they are excluded from the provision of services that can be a gateway for intervention (35). In addition, they are not heard in issues that concern them (19, 36) such as in drug use (37,38).
Having this in mind, in order to encompass the complexity of the problems that adolescents face and to design interventions that are relevant and congruent with their sociocultural characteristics (17,27,28) it is necessary to give the protagonists of this phenomena a primary role in the research. This was the goal in this paper where the youngsters took up the expert role in identifying their own needs, the obstacles in accessing and using general health services, harm reduction services and in the development of possible changes in the eld of drug use in adolescence to build a more effective, congruent and empowering response.
For the purpose of this study, there was a division of the research questions [1] in two parts. In the rst part, we sought to explore this phenomenon in Portugal giving voice to the experienced harm reduction professionals and people who use(d) drugs above the age of 18 based on the following research question: 1. From their perspective, how do they portray the phenomenon of the use of drugs by young people under the age of 18 having in consideration the dimension of this issue and the needs and the obstacles the youngsters face when using harm reduction services?
In the second part of this study, we sought to explore this phenomenon in Portugal through the lens of the  young people based on the following research questions and their secondary questions:   2. From the youngster's perspective, what are their needs regarding the information received about   drugs, its use and what is their experience with the service provision? a. How is education about drugs presented in the formal and informal contexts in Portugal?
b. How could their needs when using drugs under the age of 18 be answered?
c. What is their vision about the services and institutions that they had some contact with?
3. From the youngster's perspective, how could the (non)existent interventions related to service and information provision about drugs and its use be created, designed or modi ed to better serve the youngsters´ needs while removing barriers to the already existing support?
a. What is the relevance of the harm reduction philosophy for the young people who use drugs and how can this be adapted to be an interventional response for this target group?
Method Methodology When exploring this phenomenon, a gap was found in the literature due to the fact that only few studies give emphasis to the perspective of the young people about issues that concern them and have in consideration their insights for the alteration, improvement and development of interventions. Hence, this study undertakes a qualitative focus with a quantitative complement. Taking up a phenomenological position (39), the qualitative focus promotes a thick and rich description of the individual perspectives, experiences and meanings, highlighting the existence of multiple realities that emerge according to the various contexts of experience of the individuals (39)(40)(41). Also, this methodology allows the research to give voice to people in more vulnerable positions such as youngsters who used drugs under the age of 18 (41).

Data Collection -Instruments and Methods
Data collection was undertaken by a multi-method approach. In the rst part of the study and with the intention of responding to the rst research question, an online questionnaire and two focus groups were the selected instruments. The online questionnaire was chosen in order to retrieve some information about the use of drugs in adolescents through the perspective and the work experience of the harm reduction teams. On the other hand, the focal group was chosen due to its capacity to assess various perspectives about the same phenomenon through the interaction and discussion of the various participants (40).
The second part of the study used semi-structured interviews and another online questionnaire. These two instruments had the goal to retrieve information for the other two research questions that focus on the perspective of the youngsters. The online questionnaire was chosen due to the pandemic situation that prevented the researchers to be physically present to conduct the interviews on this sensible topic. Moreover, this instrument served as a connection between the participants and the researcher to hold the interviews by telephone. Although there were only two interviews collected, the data provided allows us to contextualize and triangulate the material from the other sources.

Participants: recruitment and characteristics
This study comprised of different sample recruitment. In relation to the online questionnaire for the harm reduction teams, this was sent to all of them through SICAD (General Directorate for Intervention on Addictive Behaviours and Dependencies), a national organism responsible for the coordination of all harm reduction teams. From 36 projects, 26 of those responded. Regarding the focus groups, the sampling was purposive in order to select the participants on the basis they will provide meaningful information (40,41). There was a focus group in the north of the country and another in the centre. The one conducted in the north was composed of two technicians with decision-making competence in the context of addictive behaviours, two people who use(d) drugs older than 18 and three harm reduction professionals. The focus group in the centre was constituted of one technician with decision-making competence in the context of addictive behaviours, four people who use(d) drugs older than 18 and two harm reduction professionals.
Lastly, the sample for the other online questionnaire was, initially, a convenience sample because youngsters who use drugs are hard to reach (40,41). Afterwards, it was used as a strategy, the snowballing technique where the sample was built through the initial participants enabling a total of 143 participants. The mean age was 20.88 and 67.8% of the participants were female. Also, 46.2% of the participants used drugs before the age of 18 with a higher prevalence being male (60%). The two interviews derived from the online questionnaire. One of the interviewees was a male aged 18 and the other one was a female aged 21. The inclusion criteria for the online questionnaire was aged 18 to 25 years old and for the interviews was aged 18 to 25 years and for the use of drugs before the age of 18.

Analyses
In relation to the quantitative data obtained in the online questionnaires, it was analysed using SPSS. At the same time, the qualitative data that resulted from all the methods and instruments were analysed based on the Thematic Analysis of Braun and Clarke (40,42). This qualitative analytic method has the goal to identify, analyse and report patterns (named themes) within the data (40,42). The rst step of the analysis was the familiarization with the data through the transcription and reading of all the verbal data. Then the second phase involved the production of the initial codes through a semantic and inductive analysis. This means that all verbal data relevant to the research questions were coded without any previous framework. Ultimately, the codes were sorted out into themes and sub-themes. The themes capture a pattern that is important for answering the research questions and the sub-themes give structure to those previous (40,42).

Drug Education
The school context was the most stated (65%) as a context that offered drug education followed by television (58%), friends (53.8%) and family (49%). The most addressed topics in school were the consequences when using drugs (98.7%), the dependency (89.3%) and the effects (55.3%). By contrast, the least addressed topics were the precautions to take when using drugs (20%) and information about services that youngsters could access (38.7%).
In relation to the qualitative analyses, in this section, two themes emerged: The use of drugs as something undesirable;Education about drugs as a tool to literacy. The rst theme is divided into two subthemes. The most important one in this section has a relation to education -Drug education as a tool for dissuasion. Of the 143 youngsters that responded to the online questionnaire, 38 emphasized that drug education should focus or reinforce the negative aspects of drug use ("The impact that the use of drugs has in the personal and social life of the users (...) the health effects, the disadvantages" Q134). 5 of these participants suggested that the contact with people who use(d) drugs for dissuasion ("People that used drugs (...) to really inform students about the compulsive use of a drug" Q77; "Ex-drug addicts, addicts (...) for the danger message to be received with greater attention" Q121).
On the other hand, in the second theme, the participants had a different position in relation to the role of education on this issue. One of the sub-themes, transmission of information, 49 youngsters stated that drug education should include some information that goes beyond the consequences (e.g. what are drugs, the legal framework in Portugal, what kind of support exists) ("what is drug, what is its origin (...)" Q64; "The effects, what to do if the experience goes wrong" Q73). Also, 18 of these participants underlined the need for a promotion of a safer use as stated by the following participant: "In addition to introducing students to the universe of psychoactive substances, addressing risks, the in uence of social contexts and that the line between responsible consumption and improper consumption is tenuous and can depend on each person, as well as for the same person under different circumstances. Above all, it should be focused on preparing teenagers who want to experiment, by providing them with the best and most impartial information possible and educating them for responsible drug use." (Q61) Another sub-theme is the relevance of someone with experience in the topic. Some of the participants (n=37) value the role that someone with direct experience with drugs has in facilitating the sessions about drug education ("real cases revealed by rst hand are more appealing" Q45). The close relationship with the audience, or being young are two aspects pointed out by one of the participants: "(…) Imagine, if I go to them [adolescents] and say: "I was born in Matosinhos, in a good house with a pool and without police around". They will think: "that rich boy, so dumb". However, if I say: "I was born in [poor neighbourhood of Porto], I sold drugs in another [poor neighbourhood of Porto]". They will look at me and be more receptive." (P1) Inside this sub-theme, professionals also emerge as people with experience. However, their role in drug education is more ambivalent. While 28 of the participants point out the importance of professionals (e.g. doctors, psychologists, police) as promoters of drug education, four of the participants have a different vision about their capability to reach the students. The police intervention is seen as intimidating ("it is facilitated by the police most of the time and this intimidates people to ask questions" Q143; "(...) you are not going to ask how to use drugs to the police" P2). Also the teachers' intervention is seen as contradictory to the students' experience ("The teachers´ perspective tends to not inform the students' ' Q70; "It does not make sense for a teacher who has never used drugs to talk about something that they don't know" The other two sub-themes are related to the role of school and the role of family. In a spontaneous way, 15 youngsters pointed out school as a context for the promotion of drug education and 10 of them said "it should be in the school curriculum" (Q109). Two participants underlined the importance of the family stating that there should exist some form of "education for the parents so that they can raise awareness for the adolescents" (Q20).

Support for youngsters who use drugs
Of the 143 young people who answered the online questionnaire, 46.2% used some psychoactive substance before the age of 18. However, only one claimed to have attended a service due to their drug use and only 12 of the 133 participants that had used some psychoactive substance knew of any service for drug use in adolescence.
The qualitative theme that emerged was the perceptions of the youngsters about the need for support when using drugs and it has ve sub-themes. The rst one is no need for support. Almost half of the questionnaire participants who had used SPA (n = 25) and one participant of the interview, reported that they did not need any kind of support. Some of the reasons they pointed out were: an experimental act (n = 5), the absence of di culties or needs (n = 4) and sporadic (n = 5) or controlled (n = 2) drug use ("Using drugs does not mean that I have had some kind of need or di culty". Q39).
In the following two sub-themes there is a focus on the type of need identi ed: need for information and need for con dentiality in medical intervention. Regarding the rst, about 12 young people in the questionnaire and one of the interviewed participants reported that they needed more information. Four of these participants referred to school as a vehicle for its transmission ("In school, they should have talked openly about drug use, without being so prejudiced against those who experience it" (Q24)). Still, two participants pointed out that information should be transmitted by someone with experience: "I wish I had that example that I gave you. We were in the room and having a drug user or someone who could explain it well. Because (...) having a teacher saying that you are going to get cancer and some other things; you are not interested." P1.
In relation to the second mentioned sub-theme, this emerged from the two interviews. Both participants mentioned the fear to look for help in emergency situations ("Most of the youngsters stay in hospital too long due to lack of communication with doctors" P1; "They [adolescents] don't go [looking for help] due to the fear that parents will know" P2).
The last sub-theme is support from the informal network. The support of friends (n = 7) and family (n = 6) was considered very important or because it existed or because of the need for it to be present when they started using drugs. While in friends, support is related to the knowledge they could offer, in the case of the family it is related to the need for openness to communication: "I think that in many families, drugs are a taboo. This, as in my case, creates a barrier of communication with those who are closest to us and who can often help us more easily. The lack of people of my age who, at the time, were aware and called me to reality, was also a factor that I would have liked to change since they are the people that I would more easily hear and understand. " Q113

Data idiosyncrasies
One theme that emerged only in interviews is the characterization of police intervention. The rst interviewed participant spontaneously referred to police intervention as negative and violent: "There is a very ugly intervention by the police. Imagine we have youngsters using drugs as cannabis. The police go there and start to apprehend the drug and beat on us. What the police should do is to go there and say: "come here, do you know how bad this is?". They should try to set an example. Nobody is going anywhere with violence and threats. (...) they don't even earn 5% of people's con dence. If there was more talk and less aggression, they would win more." E1 The second participant characterized it as something variable and dependent on the agent, but she also referred to some violent episodes.
The last theme, the vulnerability spectrum, emerged from the analysis of the focus groups and one of the interviews. The association of the use of drugs with other problems (e.g. poverty, drug tra cking) leads to differences in the typology of drug use among adolescents ("I started selling cannabis at the age of 14. (…) Then I moved on to cocaine and heroin tra cking (…) I was 16 years old… "P1): "When we place in the equation poverty, marginality, social exclusion and other deviant behaviours, we have a completely different reality compared when these aspects aren´t in the equation." FG27 Harm Reduction Services 17 of the 143 youngsters claimed to know harm reduction services but only one claimed to have attended one before adulthood. More than half of the participants considered harm reduction services as a very useful interventional response (52.5%). In relation to the professional's perspective, only three teams out of 23 considered that the presence of minors is greater than 0% (between 1-25%).
In turn, with regard to the analysis of qualitative data, the use of drugs as something undesirable as a theme has already been mentioned previously, but the sub-theme to highlight in this section is the perception of harm reduction as a useless answer to the problem under study. One of the reasons for its uselessness is pointed out by one of the technicians in the focus group. He emphasizes harm reduction as an assistive response: "(…) I have some di culty in realizing today, at this moment, that there is an urge to nd solutions for adolescents in terms of harm reduction. (…) We should look for other types of responses and only then can we think about those that are more or less normalized for the adult population" FG21 Another reason presented by 12 of the youngsters who answered the questionnaire is that the focus of the intervention should be to eradicate drug use, especially in those under 18, making this service not a recommended one ("(…) the existence of these services seems to assume that drug use is something that should be considered normal and perpetuated in society "Q117).
On the other hand, the usefulness of harm reduction services for this speci c issue also emerged from the data. Regarding the sub-theme promotion of the transmission of informationfor safer drug use, 25 youngsters indicated this potential ("It could be useful for young people who don't know how to use drugs. (…) Especially because it is natural for young people who start experimenting to have doubts." Q61; "This service would better educate youngsters below 18 on this topic as it would really help rather than focus so much on creating fear of the consequences, which happens too much, in my view. " Q70; "[talking about one harm reduction service] "There was a stand to test drugs and the ladies had lollipops (…) they stayed there talking to people, they had little pamphlets and things like that. It was the friendliest intervention I ever saw because the professionals were younger, and the sweets are a good way to start an interaction" P2).
Another theme that emerged was the absence of minors in the harm reduction teams. Stigma as a barrier is one of the sub themes ("(…) there is also a… stereotype, an idea about the vans. Because the vans are for hangovers" FG22; "I looked at it and thought "if I go there ... if someone sees me ... I'm going to go through that.". I never wanted to go because that to me was already… if someone saw me, I was going to be considered a drug addict." E1).
The last sub-theme, lack of knowledge about how to act, arises from one of the harm reduction professionals who mentions "(…) we are in a very big ethical dilemma, right? What do we do with these people? They are less than 18 (…) do we give support or don't?" (FG11). This opinion is reinforced by the other professionals in the same focus group who highlight the need for o cial indications in order to answer this dilemma ("At least some indication from SICAD about what to do in these situations. Not supporting is not an option" FG11).

Harm Reduction and its applicability
The last theme is harm reduction as a philosophy and not just a service. This theme is subdivided into two sub-themes that aim to structure the suggestions listed. The rst sub-theme is the extension of harm reduction intervention. There is a need to change the standard model of intervention mentioned by one of the professionals in the eld: "(…) The model we have of intervention is a model made in the image of what was thought to be our typical client, isn't it? White male, middle class, drug user (…) all the research that I am seeing points to the need to deconstruct this model (…) deconstruct this to understand how, within a universal model, we can nd speci cities for men, women, older drug users, younger drug users" FG27 Also within this sub-theme, one participant referred the application of this philosophy to alcohol use and one of the interviewees stressed the need to adapt existing responses to the constraints of being less than 18 years old: "you have to take into account all the things that entails not being 18 years old such as living with your parents, having school schedules, not going out so easily, not wanting your parents to know you went into an alcoholic coma last Friday." (E2).
The other sub-theme is the diversi cation of the application of harm reduction to different contexts. 25 of the young people who answered the questionnaire and one of the interviewees referred to school as a context for applying this philosophy and four referred the application of this through an intervention in the informal network.

Discussion
The needs of the young people who use drugs and their view about the existing services In congruence with the literature, the lack of access to institutions may be due to the lack of knowledge about them (13,21) as demonstrated in the data where few participants refer to any known service.
On the other hand, many of the young people surveyed claimed to have not felt any need for support. The characterization of drug use as "controlled" or "sporadic" does not allow them to identify themselves as drug users transforming the services that addressed this problem as irrelevant to them (13,33).
Furthermore, the view of services with the function of providing support seems to be interpreted by some of the youngsters with a unique focus -solving problems directly related to drug use. The potential for other purposes that services have is not observed in the young people's perspectives. However, most youngsters identi ed the need for information, something that is likely to be a function of the various institutions and services. This need may reveal a reduced focus of the current interventions in the empowerment of decision making, which is based on the acquisition of information (24,25).
Another need that arose in the interviews with young people who have used drugs under the age of 18 is con dentiality in medical interventions. The fear of non-con dentiality, an aspect also highlighted in the literature (19,21) may be an obstacle for seeking services, particularly in situations of discomfort.
Finally, the informal network is seen as an important source of support when it is present and necessary when it is absent. Both friends and family appear as a source to transmit knowledge and enhance dialogue. Thus, the exclusive focus on the individual and on individual intervention is insu cient (36,37). There seems to be a pertinence of intervening in informal networks to empower them with important tools to meet the needs of young people who use drugs.

The importance of education about drugs
The school is the most referenced context for drug education by young people, followed by family and friends, gaining the informal network again prominent in the data.
One of the interviewees referred to the students' low receptivity in drug education contexts, pointing out the interlocutor as one of the reasons. In this study it emerged the contrasting views of young people in relation to the professionals who run school sessions. The perspectives that view the professionals as facilitators suggest that for these young people, authority presents itself as a relevant source for obtaining safe information. This may be related to the non-use of drugs before the age of 18. On the contrary, the use of psychoactive substances before the age of 18 may be one of the reasons why some youngsters do not recognize the usefulness of the information transmitted by these same professionals.
In this perspective, the role of a peer, someone with personal experience on the topic or close to the age of the target audience, emerges as a relevant gure in drug education.
Finally, these school sessions are marked by a strong focus on consequences, which demonstrates that drug education continues with an approach that emphasises prevention and abstinence (10,12,28,34,35) despite its ineffectiveness being continuously proven (12,28,30). If this is the actual focus on drug education, the need for information referred to in the previous point and identi ed by most of the participants may suggest that they seek other types of information.
One of the advantages of this study is the fact that it took into account the perspectives of young people, whether or not they used drugs before the age of 18. This has allowed personal re ections on the phenomenon, namely the focus that drug education should have. While a group of youngsters consider that it should be used as a deterrent to the use of drugs, seen as something undesirable, another group advocates drug education as a tool for literacy, highlighting the promotion of safer drug use that can constitute the information that young people who use drugs need. As a result, discourses that focus on abstinence, despite being accepted by a segment of the youth population, isolate those who use(d) drugs and those who have a different personal perspective (29).
Harm Reduction -its potential Few teams report the presence of youngsters under the age of 18 as users, something common according to the literature (13,32,34). However, despite the long-standing existence of the harm reduction services, their intervention with this population is neither exact nor easy to de ne, as it remains in legal limbo (18,31).
The stigma of going to a mobile harm reduction service and the lack of knowledge about this service (13) seems to be the two main reasons for the almost nonexistent presence of young people. Few youngsters reported knowing about this service, demonstrating that, even in recreational contexts, it may not be available or may not be reaching this group.
The capacity that harm reduction services have to be more than a support service, assuming itself as a philosophy, arises from the responses of the various participants and professionals. They highlight the need for harm reduction intervention to be more comprehensive and exceeding what the typical model of intervention is and the typical drug user (e.g. male, middle aged with a problematic use of heroin and cocaine) (13,31,33,34).
In the perspective of young people, whether they know harm reduction services or not, this services philosophy can be applied in other contexts. School is the most mentioned context and its relevance can be related to the need to increase the spectrum of knowledge of young people regarding drugs. Despite not being mentioned as widely as the previous one, the informal network is also identi ed as a context to be taken into account in the dissemination of harm reduction principles allowing this network to be effectively and actively present for young people who use drugs when they are underage.

Conclusion
Throughout this exploratory study, we seek to achieve a closer understanding of the interventional needs, the existing responses, as well as those that are necessary to create for adolescents who use drugs.
It should be noted that this study also has some limitations. The rst to emphasize is the fact that it is a retrospective study, not allowing people under the age of 18 to be the real protagonists. On the other hand, although the questionnaire involves open questions, the qualitative dimension did not have the desired and necessary depth to understand the individual narratives. Although extending the questionnaire to any young person between 18-25 years old has brought advantages and new views of the phenomenon, the needs of young people who use drugs under 18 are different from those who do not use them. In fact, we consider that a more detailed exploration of this same phenomenon would be pertinent, in order to obtain the perception of young people under the age of 18 who use drugs in relation to the aspects developed in this research.
Therefore, the issue under analysis does not end with this document, but it is possible to point out relevant conclusions to be deepened and developed in future investigations and projects. In general, this investigation, by covering all youngsters, independently if they have used or not used drugs under the age of 18, allowed us to verify that there is a spectrum of the type of users and their drug use (43,44) which makes each young person's vulnerability distinct.
There are young people who will not use drugs before the age of 18, others where this use will not be accompanied by problems or that will have the necessary support. Others will present some problems and may have associated with the drug use, other social issues (e.g. poverty, social exclusion, drug tra cking) that add to the vulnerability of being under 18 and many other vulnerabilities derived from the different social circumstances in which they found themselves (9,28).
Many dimensions of the phenomenon remained to be addressed, such as the differences resulting from diverse social circumstances. However, it was a study that took the rst steps in identifying the vulnerabilities of being under 18 and using drugs (31,34,35). Empowering means giving knowledge, the greatest need listed by the majority of young people surveyed, and the school may be the starting point for an intervention based on the harm reduction philosophy in which young people emerge as receivers and deliverers by being elements of an informal network of other youngsters at the moment and in the future as adults.

Declarations
Corresponding author Correspondence to Marta Pinto.

Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate In order to safeguard the ethical and legal issues raised by conducting a study with these characteristics, we chose to do a retrospective study with young people between 18 and 25 years old. Furthermore, all instruments and methods used to collect the data were followed by an informed consent and the study was approved by the Ethical Commission of The Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of the University of Porto. Additionally, in the results presentation, the reference to the participants is made using a code to ensure con dentiality.

Consent for publication
Consent for publication has been granted.

Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.