Hepatitis C and HIV incidence and harm reduction program use in a conflict setting: an observational cohort of injecting drug users in Kabul, Afghanistan

Table 2 Factors predictive of HCV and HIV among male injecting drug users in Kabul, Afghanistan, 2006–2009

Variable	HCV (n = 191, 211 p-y)	HCV	HIV (n = 316, 391 p-y)	HIV
	HR, (95 % CI)	AHR, (95 % CI)	HR, (95 % CI)	AHR, (95 % CI)
Duration of injecting use			1.08, (1.00–1.17)	1.09, (1.01–1.17)^a
Sharing of syringes/needles			11.23,	(1.29–98.0) 10.08, (1.01–100.3)^a
Sharing of injecting supplies	0.56, (0.35–0.90)
Any NSP use during interval	1.72, (1.07–2.76)
Interval NSP discontinuation	0.61, (0.38–0.98)
Changed from injecting to smoking	0.47, (0.29–0.77)	0.53, (0.31–0.92)^b	0.23, (0.03–1.93)
Peak quarters of attack exposure^c	0.65, (0.40–1.04)*

AHR adjusted hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, HCV hepatitis C virus, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, HR hazard ratio, NSP needle and syringe collection and distribution program, p-y person-years
*Marginally significant (p = 0.07)
^aMultivariate analysis controlled for confounder interval NSP use (11.23 to 7.19)
^bAnalysis controlled for cofounder interval sharing injecting works (0.47 to 0.53)
^cPeak quarters of attack refer to quarters 5 and 9 of the study, the two quarters with the largest number (142/415 total) of insurgent attacks in Kabul province

ISSN: 1477-7517