|
Male
|
76.4
|
75.3
|
87.8
|
71.6*
|
|
Age (years): mean (SD)
|
34.1 (7.8)
|
32.1 (8.3)*
|
39.5 (7.7)
|
36.3 (9.0)*
|
|
Nationality
|
|
Russian
|
64.1
|
62.5
|
28.7
|
47.1*
|
|
Kazakh
|
22.9
|
21.1
|
0.7
|
0.9
|
|
Kyrgyz
|
1.0
|
2.0
|
18.2
|
18.0
|
|
Uzbek
|
0.7
|
1.0
|
24.4
|
16.4*
|
|
Others
|
17.2
|
14.7
|
28.0
|
19.4*
|
|
Stable housinga
|
86.2
|
86.9
|
89.9
|
74.9*
|
|
Stable partnershipb
|
53.2
|
56.6
|
65.4
|
62.3
|
|
Living together with minor child/childrenc
|
58.0
|
60.5
|
72.5
|
80.7
|
|
Education: secondary school completed or higher
|
89.0
|
90.6
|
81.9
|
78.4
|
|
Employment situation
|
|
Regularly employedd
|
52.1
|
54.8
|
37.2
|
38.5
|
|
Occasionally employed
|
29.1
|
28.6
|
39.1
|
53.5*
|
|
Drug use behavior
|
|
Age at onset of regular use of heroin (years): mean (SD)
|
24.1 (7.0)
|
22.4* (7.9)
|
27.2 (7.6)
|
24.3* (5.7)
|
|
Age at onset of i.v. use (years): mean (SD)
|
20.7 (4.7)
|
21.0 (5.2)
|
25.2 (7.8)
|
22.8* (5.6)
|
|
i.v. use in the last 30 dayse
|
99.0
|
97.1
|
98.6
|
92.8
|
|
12-month prevalence
|
|
Heroin
|
93.2
|
94.5
|
50.8
|
94.4*
|
|
Opium
|
34.9
|
34.5
|
4.5
|
5.6
|
|
Cannabis
|
48.8
|
49.0
|
13.6
|
29.8*
|
|
Alcohol
|
76.3
|
83.6*
|
43.6
|
72.0*
|
|
30-day prevalence
|
|
Heroin
|
68.8
|
70.2
|
15.3
|
83.8*
|
|
Opium
|
22.3
|
17.1
|
0.9
|
2.0
|
|
Cannabis
|
43.5
|
44.8
|
11.1
|
26.0*
|
|
Alcohol
|
71.4
|
77.9
|
39.6
|
69.1*
|
|
Health status and overdose experience
| | | | |
|
Physical health score, mean (SD)f
|
14.2 (9.1)
|
11.9* (8.5)
|
11.5 (9.5)
|
9.4* (7.7)
|
|
Mental health score, mean (SD)f
|
11.7 (8.0)
|
10.3* (8.1)
|
9.9 (8.8)
|
8.5* (8.0)
|
|
HIV diagnosed (ever)
|
19.0
|
12.7
|
12.5
|
9.8
|
|
HCV diagnosed (ever)
|
56.3
|
30.4*
|
23.1
|
19.3
|
|
TB diagnosed (ever)
|
23.5
|
13.4*
|
13.3
|
20.1*
|
|
Opioid-related overdose (ever)
|
57.7
|
38.6*
|
48.7
|
68.9*
|
