Table 1 Sample characteristics: sociodemographics, drug use behavior, health status, and overdose experience

Male

76.4

75.3

87.8

71.6*

Age (years): mean (SD)

34.1 (7.8)

32.1 (8.3)*

39.5 (7.7)

36.3 (9.0)*

 Russian

64.1

62.5

28.7

47.1*

 Kazakh

22.9

21.1

0.7

0.9

 Kyrgyz

1.0

2.0

18.2

18.0

 Uzbek

0.7

1.0

24.4

16.4*

 Others

17.2

14.7

28.0

19.4*

 Stable housing^a

86.2

86.9

89.9

74.9*

 Stable partnership^b

53.2

56.6

65.4

62.3

 Living together with minor child/children^c

58.0

60.5

72.5

80.7

 Education: secondary school completed or higher

89.0

90.6

81.9

78.4

 Regularly employed^d

52.1

54.8

37.2

38.5

 Occasionally employed

29.1

28.6

39.1

53.5*

 Age at onset of regular use of heroin (years): mean (SD)

24.1 (7.0)

22.4* (7.9)

27.2 (7.6)

24.3* (5.7)

 Age at onset of i.v. use (years): mean (SD)

20.7 (4.7)

21.0 (5.2)

25.2 (7.8)

22.8* (5.6)

 i.v. use in the last 30 days^e

99.0

97.1

98.6

92.8

 Heroin

93.2

94.5

50.8

94.4*

 Opium

34.9

34.5

4.5

5.6

 Cannabis

48.8

49.0

13.6

29.8*

 Alcohol

76.3

83.6*

43.6

72.0*

 Heroin

68.8

70.2

15.3

83.8*

 Opium

22.3

17.1

0.9

2.0

 Cannabis

43.5

44.8

11.1

26.0*

 Alcohol

71.4

77.9

39.6

69.1*

Health status and overdose experience

 Physical health score, mean (SD)^f

14.2 (9.1)

11.9* (8.5)

11.5 (9.5)

9.4* (7.7)

 Mental health score, mean (SD)^f

11.7 (8.0)

10.3* (8.1)

9.9 (8.8)

8.5* (8.0)

 HIV diagnosed (ever)

19.0

12.7

12.5

9.8

 HCV diagnosed (ever)

56.3

30.4*

23.1

19.3

 TB diagnosed (ever)

23.5

13.4*

13.3

20.1*

 Opioid-related overdose (ever)

57.7

38.6*

48.7

68.9*