Coverage of harm reduction services and HIV infection: a multilevel analysis of five Chinese cities

Wu, Qing; Kamphuis, Carlijn; Duo, Lin; Luo, Jiahong; Chen, Ying; Richardus, Jan Hendrik

doi:10.1186/s12954-017-0137-2

Harm Reduction Journal

Table 1 HIV infection status, potential determinants of HIV infection and socio-demographic characteristics of drug users in five cities (N = 685)

From: Coverage of harm reduction services and HIV infection: a multilevel analysis of five Chinese cities

Variables	Total		Cities
	Total		Dali		Qilin		Cuiyun		Lufeng		Mengzi
	685		162		173		65		139		146
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Demographics
Mean age (years)	31.5	6.3	31.9	7.5	30.7	5.4	31.9	6.0	30.1	6.0	32.3	6.3
Gender
Male	539	78.7	129	79.6	129	74.6	49	75.4	104	74.8	128	87.7
Female	146	21.3	33	20.4	44	25.4	16	24.6	35	25.2	18	12.3
Education level (years)
0–6	183	26.7	70	43.2	18	10.4	14	21.5	28	20.1	53	36.3
6–9	353	51.5	67	41.4	108	62.4	32	49.2	81	58.3	65	44.5
9–	149	21.8	25	15.4	47	27.2	19	29.2	30	21.6	28	19.2
Ethnic group
Han	531	77.5	92	56.8	161	93.1	46	70.8	115	82.7	117	80.1
Non-Han	154	22.5	70	43.2	12	6.9	19	29.2	24	17.3	29	19.9
Official residence
Yunnan province	609	88.9	128	79.0	165	95.4	62	95.4	118	84.9	136	93.2
Other provinces	76	11.1	34	21.0	8	4.6	3	4.6	21	15.1	10	6.8
Age at initiation of drug use (years)
≥20	464	67.7	121	74.7	128	74.0	43	66.2	84	60.4	88	60.3
<20	221	32.3	41	25.3	45	26.0	22	33.8	55	39.6	58	39.7
Duration of drug use (years)
≥9	371	54.2	71	43.8	83	48.0	37	56.2	84	60.4	96	65.8
<9	314	45.9	91	56.2	90	52.0	28	43.1	55	39.6	50	34.3
HIV positive	295	43.1	47	29.0	122	70.5	12	18.5	23	16.6	91	62.3
City-level variables: two composite indicators of exposure and two indicators of economic development
Density of exposure to HIV prevention^a	–	–	0.05		0.10		0.06		0.06		0.03
Performance of drug injection safety^a	–	–	0.06		0.05		0.04		0.07		0.09
Population size in 2006^b	–	–	603199		665724		255507		420846		344987
GDP per capita in 2006 (CNY)^b	–	–	18294		26189		10208		11086		9242
Individual variables exposure to prevention services in the last 12 months
Received free condoms
Yes	119	17.4	35	21.6	40	23.1	9	13.9	23	16.6	12	8.2
No	566	82.6	127	78.4	133	76.9	56	86.1	116	83.4	134	91.8
Received training on how to use a condom
Yes	206	30.0	41	25.3	68	39.3	15	23.1	37	26.6	45	30.8
No	479	70.0	121	74.7	105	60.7	50	76.9	102	73.4	101	69.2
Received test for HIV
Yes	392	57.2	85	52.5	114	65.9	52	80.0	96	69.1	45	30.8
No	293	42.8	77	47.5	59	34.1	13	20.0	43	30.9	101	69.2
Received NSPs
Yes	105	15.3	28	17.3	45	26.0	9	13.9	20	14.4	3	2.1
No	580	84.7	134	82.7	128	74.0	56	86.1	119	85.6	143	97.9
Received MMT
Yes	219	31.9	44	27.2	71	41.0	22	33.9	43	30.9	39	26.7
No	466	68.0	118	72.8	102	59.0	43	66.2	96	69.1	107	73.3
Information/knowledge
Score of 8 HIV related questions (median) 0–8	7		7		7		7		6		7
Knowing where to have a HIV test
Yes	456	66.6	97	60.0	138	80.0	52	80.0	103	74.1	66	45.2
No	229	33.4	65	40.0	35	20.0	13	20.0	36	25.9	80	54.8
Knowing his/her serostatus
Yes	153	22.4	27	16.7	45	26.2	32	49.2	31	22.2	18	12.3
No/have not been tested	532	77.6	135	83.3	128	73.8	33	50.8	108	77.8	128	87.7
Motivation
Self-perceived risk of HIV infection
Very likely	90	13.1	8	4.9	33	19.1	3	4.6	18	13.0	28	19.2
Possibly/not possible	595	86.9	154	95.1	140	80.9	62	95.4	121	87.0	118	80.8
Perceived severity of getting infection of HIV
Should people with HIV be allowed to continue to work or study?
Yes	502	73.3	103	63.6	135	78.0	45	69.2	106	76.3	113	77.4
No/it depends/do not know	183	26.7	59	36.4	38	22.0	20	30.8	33	23.7	33	22.6
Are you willing to remain in contact with a friend with HIV infection?
Yes	537	78.4	114	70.4	139	80.3	56	86.1	112	80.6	116	79.4
No/it depends/do not know	148	21.6	48	29.6	34	19.7	9	13.9	27	19.4	30	20.6
Had the intention of using condom
Yes	585	85.4	137	84.6	151	87.3	49	75.4	122	87.8	126	86.3
No/not sure	100	14.6	25	15.4	22	12.7	16	24.6	17	12.2	20	13.7
Had the intention of not sharing needles and syringes with others
Yes	569	83.1	129	79.6	148	85.6	48	73.9	110	79.1	134	91.8
No	116	16.9	33	20.4	25	14.4	17	26.1	29	20.9	12	8.2
Risk behavior or prevention skills
Current drug user status
Never injected drugs	140	20.4	69	42.6	24	13.8	9.0	13.8	25	18.0	13	8.9
Current injection drug users but not sharing syringe	269	39.3	41	25.3	70	40.5	50	76.9	57	41.0	51	34.9
Current injection drug users and sharing syringe	276	40.3	52	32.1	79	45.7	6	9.3	57	41.0	82	56.2
Used condom during last sexual intercourse with partner/sex worker/client
Yes	211	30.8	50	30.9	46	26.6	24	36.9	42	30.2	49	33.6
No/not applicable	474	69.2	112	69.1	127	73.4	41	63.1	97	69.8	97	66.4

^aAdditional file 1; Appendix C explains how the two composite indicators density of exposure to HIV prevention and performance of drug injection safety are calculated
^bsource; Yunnan Province Statistics Yearbook

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ISSN: 1477-7517

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