Table 5 Multivariable logistic regression of PROUD participant characteristics associated with 2+ emergency department visits or 1+ hospital admission, adjusted for listed covariates

Age (per year)

0.98 (0.96 to 1.00)

0.99 (0.97 to 1.02)

Gender

Male

Ref

Ref

Female

1.37 (0.86 to 2.20)

1.57 (0.88 to 2.79)

Ethnicity

Aboriginal

1.58 (0.98 to 2.55)

2.39 (1.38 to 4.13)

Other

Ref

Ref

Sexual orientation

Straight

Ref

Ref

Gay/lesbian/homosexual/other

1.39 (0.77 to 2.51)

0.54 (0.25 to 1.18)

Neighborhood of residence

Market/lowertown

1.05 (0.66 to 1.68)

1.12 (0.63 to 1.98)

Centretown

0.36 (0.2 to 0.65)

0.45 (0.2 to 1.01)

Other

Ref

Ref

Income quintile

1 and missing (lowest)

1.3 (0.66 to 2.53)

1.13 (0.48 to 2.67)

2

1.06 (0.53 to 2.14)

0.91 (0.37 to 2.21)

3

0.81 (0.39 to 1.68)

1.36 (0.55 to 3.35)

4 and 5 (highest)

Ref

Ref

Highest level of education

Some HS or less

1.22 (0.61 to 2.44)

1.07 (0.44 to 2.6)

High school graduate or equivalent

1.44 (0.7 to 2.93)

1.16 (0.46 to 2.92)

Some college or university

2.14 (0.99 to 4.61)

1.72 (0.67 to 4.47)

College or university completed

Ref

Ref

Prescription drug benefits

Ontario Disability Support Program

3.00 (1.65 to 5.45)

2.41 (1.08 to 5.39)

Ontario Works

2.74 (1.5 to 5.02)

2.15 (0.95 to 4.89)

Other, including no coverage

Ref

Ref

Sex work as primary source of income

Yes

0.52 (0.25 to 1.09)

1.03 (0.43 to 2.45)

No

Ref

Ref

Housing

Unstable

1.52 (0.96 to 2.42)

1.85 (1.02 to 3.38)

Stable

Ref

Ref

Detained in jail overnight or longer in the last 12 months

Yes

1.62 (1.08 to 2.43)

0.97 (0.58 to 1.6)

No

Ref

Ref

Drug use in past 12 months

Any injection

2.08 (1.26 to 3.43)

1.51 (0.79 to 2.88)

Non-injection drug use (both opioids and non-opioids)

1.51 (0.87 to 2.62)

2.21 (1.12 to 4.37)

Non-injection use of only non-opioids

Ref

Ref

Overdosed in past 12 months

Yes

1.3 (0.79 to 2.14)

1.37 (0.76 to 2.47)

No

Ref

Ref

Comorbid HIV

Yes

1.57 (0.79 to 3.11)

2.54 (1.16 to 5.55)

No

Ref

Ref

Last test for HCV result was positive

Yes

0.91 (0.58 to 1.43)

0.97 (0.55 to 1.71)

No

Ref

Ref

Comorbid mental health diagnosis (excluding substance use-related diagnoses)

Yes

2.06 (1.35 to 3.14)

2.36 (1.31 to 4.24)

No

Ref

Ref

Attempted suicide in last 12 months

Yes

2.08 (1.13 to 3.83)

1.91 (0.97 to 3.74)

No

Ref

Ref

Currently on methadone

Yes

0.54 (0.34 to 0.88)

1.15 (0.64 to 2.08)

No

Ref

Ref

Accessed addiction treatment in past 12 months

Yes

1 (0.67 to 1.5)

0.97 (0.58 to 1.6)

No

Ref

Ref

Has a regular family physician

Yes

0.45 (0.23 to 0.86)

1.02 (0.45 to 2.33)

No

Ref

Ref