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Table 1 Required warnings for cigarettes (1985) and for smokeless (1986), including proposed and compromise warnings

From: Origins in the USA in the 1980s of the warning that smokeless tobacco is not a safe alternative to cigarettes: a historical, documents-based assessment with implications for comparative warnings on less harmful tobacco/nicotine products

Cigarettes: ‘surgeon general’s warning’

Smokeless tobacco: ‘warning’

Smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and may complicate pregnancy

This product may cause mouth cancer

Quitting smoking now greatly reduces serious risks to your health

This product may cause gum disease and tooth loss

Smoking by pregnant women may result in fetal injury, premature birth, and low birth weight

Proposed: this product contains nicotine and is addictive

Cigarette smoke contains carbon monoxide

Compromise: this product is not a safe alternative to cigarettes