Table 4 Socio-demographic, behavioral, and structural correlates of non-fatal overdose in the past 12 months among people who inject drugs in Baltimore, MD (N = 202)

 Never or rarely

REF

–

–

REF

–

–

 Half, most, or all the time

2.48

1.18–5.22

0.016

2.79

1.00–4.68

0.021

 Do not know

1.38

0.52–3.72

0.518

0.89

0.28–2.82

0.840

Female gender

1.29

0.69–2.40

0.421

2.16

1.00–4.68

0.050

 Black, Hispanic, or other

REF

–

–

–

–

–

 Non-Hispanic White

2.20

1.19–3.99

0.012

–

–

–

 Own/rent

REF

–

–

REF

–

–

 Staying with family or friends or other

1.28

0.56–2.94

0.558

1.41

0.54–3.68

0.483

 Homeless^#

2.94

1.45-5.95

0.003

3.07

1.28–7.39

0.012

Arrested, past 12 months

1.69

0.92–3.11

0.092

–

–

–

Injected > 3 times per day

1.73

0.91–3.29

0.095

–

–

–

Injected heroin by itself, past 6 months

0.41

0.14–1.23

0.114

0.13

0.03–0.49

0.002

Injected speedball, past 6 months

2.03

1.03–3.97

0.040

2.80

1.26–6.23

0.012

Prescription opioid misuse,*past 6 months

2.34

1.00–5.49

0.049

–

–

–

Benzodiazepine misuse,*past 6 months

1.81

0.97–3.40

0.064

–

–

–

Buprenorphine/Suboxone misuse,*past 6 months

4.39

2.27–8.51

< 0.001

6.37

2.86–14.17

< 0.001

 Private residence (own home, someone else’s home)

REF

–

–

–

–

–

 Public (e.g., abandoned building, street, park, car, shooting gallery)

2.07

1.12–3.82

0.021

–

–

–

 Inpatient hospital

3.58

1.30–9.91

0.014

–

–

–

 Inpatient rehab

2.40

0.86–6.72

0.095

–

–

–

 Outpatient treatment

0.61

0.32–1.19

0.148

–

–

–