Smokeless tobacco mortality risks: an analysis of two contemporary nationally representative longitudinal mortality studies

Table 2 Estimated mortality risk^a from specific malignant neoplasms according to cigarette or SLT use (NLMS data)

Cause of death	HR (95% CI)^b [number of deaths]
Cause of death	Exclusive smokers (current smoker/never SLT: 38,076 observations)	Exclusive SLT user (current SLT/never smoker: 1863 observations)	Dual user (current smoker/current SLT: 657 observations)
Trachea, bronchus, and lung	11.52 (8.74–15.19)^c [247]	2.982 (0.91–9.76) [3]	11.46 (3.31–39.6) [3]
Oral cavity, lip, and pharynx	6.33 (1.46–27.38) [9]	NA^d [0]	NA [0]
All digestive organs	1.75 (1.31–2.34) [89]	1.01 (0.32–3.20) [3]	NA [0]
Esophagus	2.31 (1.10–4.85) [16]	2.44 (0.31–19.1) [1]	NA [0]
Pancreas	1.48 (0.86–2.56) [24]	1.36 (0.19–9.98) [1]	NA [0]]
Colon, rectum, and anus	1.47 (0.91–2.35) [30]	NA [0]]	NA [0]]
Genitourinary system	2.10 (1.34–3.31) [37]	0.51 (0.07–3.78) [1]	2.77 (0.37–20.7) [1]

^aAnalysis included all respondents from NLMS public data version 5 and NHIS restricted access data
^bThe reference group comprised individuals who never used tobacco (according to survey defined parameters)
^cItalicized risk estimates denote statistical significance (CI estimates do not include 1.0)
^dNA not applicable
CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio, NHIS National Health Interview Survey; NLMS National Longitudinal Mortality Study, SLT smokeless tobacco

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