Mortality among male smokers and smokeless tobacco users in the USA

Table 2 Crude death rate (per 1000 person-years) and number of deaths from all causes and selected leading causes of death among men ages 40–79 years in NHIS 1987, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2005, and 2010^a

	Never tobacco users	Never smokers		Current smokers		Former smokers		All
	Never tobacco users	Current ST users	Former ST users	Never + former ST users	Current ST users	Never + former ST users	Current ST users	All
Number of participants	15,540	584	526	11,551	398	16,663	842	46,104
All causes
Rate	20.9	32.2	28.4	37.2	39.7	35.0	40.5	31.0
Number	3476	210	139	4782	181	6670	387	15,845
Heart diseases
Rate	4.6	7.2	9.2	7.6	9.0	8.1	10.3	6.9
Number	760	47	45	983	41	1540	98	3514
Malignant neoplasms
Rate	5.1	6.4	5.9	12.5	12.5	9.4	11.2	8.8
Number	851	42	29	1613	57	1788	107	4487
Chronic lower respiratory diseases
Rate	0.4	0.5	0.2	3.2	3.3	2.0	2.5	1.8
Number	64	3	1	408	15	384	24	899
Cerebrovascular diseases
Rate	1.1	2.2	1.8	1.4	1.1	1.7	2.6	1.4
Number	176	14	9	177	5	325	25	731
Smoking-related diseases^b
Rate	12.3	18.3	19.0	26.3	28.1	23.2	28.6	20.5
Number	2048	119	93	3382	128	4415	273	10,458
Other causes, excluding smoking-related diseases^c
Rate	8.5	14.0	9.4	10.7	11.6	11.8	11.9	10.5
Number	1414	91	46	1382	53	2243	114	5343

^aParticipants with missing tobacco status, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, marital status or self-reported health status are excluded
^bSmoking-related diseases: diseases of heart, malignant neoplasms, chronic lower respiratory diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and influenza and pneumonia
^cOther causes included accidents, Alzheimer’s disease, nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis, and all other causes
ST smokeless tobacco. The number of deaths from individual diseases do not add up to the number of deaths from all causes due to unknown cause of death among 43 men (19 age 40–59 years and 24 age 60–79 years)

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