Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics, substance use patterns, and knowledge of naloxone in RACK study participants, Massachusetts, 2017–2019 (n = 469)
Variables | Category | Total responses (N) | Percentage who had any overdose % (n) | p-value (2 sided) | Percentage who had last year overdose % (n) | p-value (2 sided) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 177 | 38.3 (111) | 0.904 | 38.6 (66) | 0.857 |
Male | 288 | 61.7 (179) | 61.5 4 (105) | |||
Race | NHa white | 280 | 64.0 (188) | 0.049 | 61.3 (106) | 0.85 |
Hispanic | 125 | 23.8 (70) | 24.9 (43) | |||
NH Black | 35 | 5.8 (17) | 6.9 (12) | |||
NH other | 29 | 6.5 (19) | 6.9 (12) | |||
Age | < 30 years | 117 | 23.8 (70) | 0.588 | 21.4 (37) | 0.369 |
30–45 years | 238 | 50.7 (149) | 52.6 (91) | |||
> 45 years | 113 | 25.5 (75) | 26.0 (45) | |||
Education | High School or more | 335 | 71.7 (210) | 0.955 | 69.4 (120) | 0.416 |
Less than HS | 133 | 28.3 (83) | 30.6 (53) | |||
Employment status | Unemployed | 281 | 59.2 (174) | 0.622 | 58.4 (101) | 0.574 |
Employed | 187 | 40.8 (120) | 41.6 (72) | |||
Housing status | Housed | 151 | 33.3 (98) | 0.521 | 36.4 (63) | 0.141 |
Not Housed | 317 | 66.7 (196) | 63.6 (110) | |||
Insurance type | Other | 28 | 4.4 (13) | 0.059 | 4.1 (7) | 0.166 |
Public | 436 | 96.6 (280) | 95.9 (166) | |||
Traded sex for money* | Yes | 118 | 38.7 (82) | 0.027 | 39.7 (50) | 0.104 |
No | 227 | 61.3 (130) | 60.3 (76) | |||
History of incarceration | Yes | 291 | 69.6 (204) | < 0.001 | 68.0 (117) | 0.047 |
No | 177 | 30.4 (87) | 32.0 (45) | |||
Substance use in the last 30 days | ||||||
Crack | Yes | 276 | 64.9 (179) | 0.246 | 39.5 (109) | 0.162 |
Cocaine | Yes | 303 | 63.0 (191) | 0.832 | 39.3 (119) | 0.148 |
Methadone | Yes | 109 | 67.9 (74) | 0.2 | 30.3 (33) | 0.103 |
Buprenorphine (Rxb) | Yes | 128 | 71.1 (91) | 0.021 | 43.0 (55) | 0.094 |
Buprenorphine (non-Rx) | Yes | 50 | 76.0 (38) | 0.04 | 52.0 (26) | 0.019 |
Amphetamine | Yes | 38 | 76.3 (29) | 0.07 | 47.4 (18) | 0.162 |
Benzodiazepine | Yes | 127 | 72.4 (92) | 0.008 | 44.9 (57) | 0.162 |
Fentanyl | Yes | 211 | 76.3 (161) | < 0.001 | 47.4 (100) | < 0.001 |
Heroin | Yes | 301 | 69.8 (210) | < 0.001 | 44.9 (135) | < 0.001 |
Marijuana | Yes | 202 | 55.9 (113) | 0.009 | 33.2 (67) | 0.1466 |
Pain medication | Yes | 71 | 13.6 (294) | 0.230 | 24 (13.9) | 0.599 |
Route of administration of substance use | ||||||
Oral | Yes | 150 | 66.7 (100) | 0.223 | 46 (69) | 0.005 |
Smoke | Yes | 280 | 63.2 (177) | 0.774 | 39.3 (110) | 0.19 |
Snort | Yes | 208 | 54.8 (114) | 0.002 | 32.7 (68) | 0.093 |
Inject | Yes | 279 | 77.8 (217) | < 0.001 | 47.3 (132) | < 0.001 |
Snort or inject | Yes | 407 | 66.1 (269) | < 0.001 | 39.6 (161) | 0.002 |
Naloxone knowledge | ||||||
Do you know what naloxone is? | Yes | 456 | 63.2 (288) | 0.211 | 37.3 (170) | 0.295 |
Do you currently have naloxone? | Yes | 294 | 68.4 (201) | 0.001 | 39.8 (117) | 0.091 |
Have you ever been trained to use naloxone? | Yes | 350 | 66.6 (233) | 0.003 | 38.3 (134) | 0.282 |
Do you know where to get Narcan? | Yes | 421 | 65.3 (275) | 0.001 | 38.0 (160) | 0.137 |
How easy/difficult is it to get Narcan? | Easy/extremely easy | 360 | 66.7 (240) | 0.047 | 38.1 (137) | 0.445 |
Neutral/difficult/extremely difficult | 65 | 53.8 (35) | 43.1 (28) | |||