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Table 2 Weighted Bivariate tests of differences between sources of syringes, cleaning with bleach and receptive syringe sharing, distributive syringe sharing and reusing syringe at last injection 2002–2019 (n = 1737)

From: Assessing the relationship between syringe exchange, pharmacy, and street sources of accessing syringes and injection drug use behavior in a pooled nationally representative sample of people who inject drugs in the United States from 2002 to 2019

 

Borrowing

Lending

Reuse syringe

Yes n (%)

No n (%)

p value

Yes n (%)

No n (%)

p value

Yes n (%)

No n (%)

p value

Overall

         

 Access to syringes

         

  Got last needle through SEP

9.4(27)

13.5(190)

.310

11.1(36)

12.7(181)

.628

10.3(111)

15.8(106)

.041

  Purchased last needle at pharmacy

43.6(122)

54.8(831)

.013

43.1(159)

55.0(794)

.012

52.1(569)

53.8(384)

.661

  Obtained syringe on the street

23.0(60)

14.1(166)

.022

23.1(64)

13.8(162)

.016

19.2(171)

9.5(55)

.001

  Obtained syringe other means

25.0(85)

18.2(256)

.075

22.7(79)

18.5(262)

.250

20.9(211)

18.3(130)

.381

 Use bleach to clean last needle

40.1(111)

24.5(304)

< .001

39.8(130)

24.6(285)

< .001

32.7(308)

18.4(107)

< .001

 Uninsured

34.1(91)

33.2(493)

.850

38.3(117)

32.1(467)

.167

34.7(367)

31.0(217)

.286

 Injection drug use

  

.990

  

.239

  

< .001

  Heroin

54.0(154)

53.8(794)

 

47.3(163)

55.4(785)

 

51.1(540)

58.5(408)

 

  Cocaine

17.2(44)

17.5(235)

 

19.2(51)

16.7(228)

 

14.3(145)

22.7(134)

 

  Both

28.9(96)

28.8(414)

 

33.6(124)

27.65(386)

 

34.7(377)

18.8(133)

 

 Race

         

  Black

7.1(11)

7.4(68)

.914

8.3(15)

7.1(64)

.671

6.28(40

9.2(39)

.224

  White

73.5(216)

77.7(1145)

.353

73.0(256)

77.9(1105)

.273

76.4(844)

78.1(517)

.613

  Other

2.6(22)

2.8(94)

.838

1.2(18)

3.1(98)

.010

2.7(64)

2.8(52)

.862

 Hispanic

16.9(45)

12.1(136)

.213

17.5(49)

11.9(132)

.139

14.7(114)

9.9(67)

.078

 Age 18–25

28.9(172)

24.4(758)

.181

29.5(205)

24.2(725)

.100

24.0(554)

27.2(376)

.210

 Less than High School Education

26.7(81)

27.1(378)

.930

32.2(94)

25.73(365)

.132

27.3(292)

26.5(167)

.830

 Poverty

43.4(113)

32.6(439)

.022

40.2(119)

33.0(433)

.120

35.9(349)

31.9(206)

.267

 Male sex

61.6(139)

69.3(900)

.067

61.3(163)

69.6(876)

.045

67.8(623)

68.5(416)

.809

  1. Bold indicates significance at p < .05
  2. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001; All percentages are weighted using the sampling methodology used in the study