Table 3 Factors associated with HIV infection among PWID in Kigali, Rwanda, N: 307

Sociodemographic characteristics

 Age in years*

1.05 (1.01–1.09)

0.98 (0.91–1.07)

Biological sex

 Female

Ref

 Male

0.58 (0.27–1.25)

1.86 (0.86–4.04)

Education

 Primary education or less

Ref

Ref

 Some secondary education

0.25 (0.07–0.94)

0.29 (0.09–1.04)

 Completed secondary or above

0.71 (0.31–1.57)

0.64 (0.27–1.39)

Marital status**

 Single

Ref

Ref

 Cohabitating/Married

0.76 (0.18–3.13)

0.75 (0.21–2.74)

 Divorced/Separated/Widow

4.64 (2.25–9.58)

3.86 (1.49–10.01)

Occupation

 Unemployed

Ref

 Employed

1.23 (0.62–2.46)

Self-reported sexual orientation***

 Heterosexual

Ref

 Homosexual

1.44 (0.52–4.05)

 Bisexual

1.81 (0.82–3.97)

Drug Injection related behaviors, access to needles and condom use

Age at first injection

 Before 18 years

Ref

 18 to 24 years

1.36 (0.57–3.23)

 Over 25 years

1.82 (0.75–4.37)

Duration of drug injection****

 Years injecting drugs

1.06 (0.99–1.11)

1.04 (0.92–1.18)

Needle sharing in the previous 6 months

 Never

Ref

Ref

 Rarely

1.42 (0.57–3.51)

1.31 (0.44–3.93)

 Half the time or more

3.34 (1.53–7.28)

2.77 (1.28–5.98)

Number of needles sharing partners in the previous 6 months

 None

Ref

 One to two

0.74 (0.31–1.73)

 Three or more

1.43 (0.54–3.79)

Selling sex for drugs in the previous 6 months*****

 No

Ref

 Yes

1.76 (0.88–3.52)

Access to sterile needles

 Always

Ref

 Sometimes

0.87 (0.41–1.85)

Condom use

 Always

Ref

 Never or sometimes

1.04 (0.50–2.17)