Table 1 Characteristics of Participants with High vs With Non-high Intention to Get Naloxone (N = 549)
From: Intention to get naloxone among patients prescribed opioids for chronic pain
Characteristics | n (%) | P valuea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Total participants (N = 549) | Non-high intention (n = 382 [69.58%]) | High intention (n = 167 [30.42%]) | ||
Demographics | ||||
Age | ||||
18–35 years | 153 (27.87) | 92 (24.08) | 61 (36.53) | < .0001 |
36–55 years | 287 (52.28) | 188 (49.21) | 99 (59.28) | |
> 55 years | 109 (19.85) | 102 (26.70) | 7 (4.19) | |
Race | ||||
White or Caucasian | 459 (83.61) | 315 (82.46) | 144 (86.23) | 0.5478 |
Black or African American | 55 (10.02) | 41 (10.73) | 14 (8.38) | |
Other Racial Group1 | 35 (6.38) | 26 (6.81) | 9 (5.39) | |
Ethnicity | ||||
Hispanic | 68 (12.39) | 37 (9.69) | 31 (18.56) | 0.0037 |
Non-Hispanic | 481 (87.61) | 345 (90.31) | 136 (81.44) | |
Gender | ||||
Male | 258 (46.99) | 139 (36.39) | 119 (71.26) | < .0001 |
Female | 291(53.01) | 243 (63.61) | 48 (28.74) | |
Education level | ||||
Less than high school or high school | 176 (32.06) | 156 (40.84) | 20 (11.98) | < .0001 |
Undergraduate level | 159 (28.96) | 124 (32.46) | 35 (20.96) | |
Graduate level or above | 214 (38.98) | 102 (26.70) | 112 (67.07) | |
Marital status | ||||
Married | 336 (61.20) | 204 (53.40) | 132 (79.04) | < .0001 |
Unmarried or other status2 | 213 (38.80) | 178 (46.60) | 35 (20.96) | |
Employment status | ||||
Employed Full time | 298 (54.28) | 163 (42.67) | 135 (80.84) | < .0001 |
Employed part time or other status3 | 251 (45.72) | 219 (57.33) | 32 (19.16) | |
Insurance | ||||
Employment-Based or Direct Purchase Private | 254 (46.27) | 168 (43.98) | 86 (51.50) | 0.0656 |
Medicare/Medicaid | 257 (46.81) | 182 (47.64) | 75 (44.91) | |
VA or CHAMPVA or uninsured | 38 (6.92) | 32 (8.38) | 6 (3.59) | |
Household income before taxes | ||||
Less than $25,000 | 88 (16.03) | 73 (19.11) | 15 (8.98) | < 0.0001 |
$25,000—$74,999 | 193 (35.15) | 162 (42.41) | 31 (18.56) | |
$75,000 to $99,999 | 78 (14.21) | 55 (14.40) | 23 (13.77) | |
$100,000 to $149,999 | 105 (19.13) | 54 (14.14) | 51 (30.54) | |
$150,000 or more | 85 (15.48) | 38 (9.95) | 47 (28.14) | |
Living area | ||||
Urban | 244 (44.44) | 122 (31.94) | 122 (73.05) | < 0.0001 |
Suburban | 199 (36.25) | 167 (43.72) | 32 (19.16) | |
Rural | 106 (19.31) | 93 (24.35) | 13 (7.78) | |
Characteristics of Opioid Overdose Risk Factors | ||||
Condition History | ||||
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | ||||
Yes | 229 (41.71) | 103 (26.96) | 126 (75.45) | < 0.0001 |
No | 320 (58.29) | 279 (73.04) | 41 (24.55) | |
Obstructive sleep apnea | ||||
Yes | 240 (43.72) | 111 (29.06) | 129 (77.25) | < 0.0001 |
No | 309 (56.28) | 271 (70.94) | 38 (22.75) | |
Non-opioid substance use disorder4 | ||||
Yes | 227 (41.35) | 100 (26.18) | 127 (76.05) | < 0.0001 |
No | 322 (58.65) | 282 (73.82) | 40 (23.95) | |
Mental health disorders5 | ||||
Yes | 328 (59.74) | 194 (50.79) | 134 (80.24) | < 0.0001 |
No | 221 (40.26) | 188 (49.21) | 33 (19.76) | |
Cancer | ||||
Yes | 128 (23.32) | 52 (13.61) | 76 (45.51) | < 0.0001 |
No | 421 (76.68) | 330 (86.39) | 91 (54.49) | |
Pain Assessment and Opioid Pain Medication Use | ||||
Chronic Pain Assessment | ||||
Pain at its worst in the last week | ||||
Severe pain6 | 432 (78.69) | 290 (75.92) | 142 (85.03) | 0.0164 |
Non-severe pain | 117 (21.31) | 92 (24.08) | 25 (14.97) | |
Pain at its least in the last week | ||||
Severe pain6 | 285 (51.91) | 160 (41.88) | 125 (74.85) | < 0.0001 |
Non-severe pain | 264 (48.09) | 222 (58.12) | 42 (25.15) | |
Pain on the average | ||||
Severe pain6 | 336 (61.20) | 203 (53.14) | 133 (79.64) | < 0.0001 |
Non-severe pain | 213 (38.80) | 179 (46.86) | 34 (20.36) | |
Pain right now | ||||
Severe pain6 | 303 (55.19) | 180 (47.12) | 123 (73.65) | < 0.0001 |
Non-severe pain | 246 (44.81) | 202 (52.88) | 44 (26.35) | |
Opioid pain medications frequency | ||||
< 1 time per month | 47 (8.56) | 24 (6.28) | 23 (13.77) | < 0.0001 |
1–4 times per month | 133 (24.23) | 86 (22.51) | 47 (28.14) | |
1–2 days per week | 121 (22.04) | 73 (19.11) | 48 (28.74) | |
Near daily or daily | 233 (42.44) | 199 (52.09) | 49 (29.34) | |
Benzodiazepines use | ||||
Yes | 300 (54.64) | 151 (39.53) | 149 (89.22) | < 0.0001 |
No | 249 (45.36) | 231 (60.47) | 18 (10.78) | |
Characteristics of Knowledge about Naloxone | ||||
Heard about naloxone before | ||||
Yes | 266 (48.45) | 144 (37.70) | 122 (73.05) | < 0.0001 |
No | 283 (51.55) | 238 (62.30) | 45 (26.95) | |
Received counseling on naloxone | ||||
Yes | 173 (31.51) | 55 (14.40) | 118 (70.66) | < 0.0001 |
No | 376 (68.49) | 327 (85.60) | 49 (29.34) | |
Who counseled you on naloxone (n = 173) | ||||
Only Physician | 61 (35.26) | 23 (41.82) | 38 (32.20) | 0.0301 |
Only Pharmacist | 37 (21.39) | 16 (29.09) | 21 (17.80) | |
More than 2 health providers | 75 (43.35) | 343 (29.09) | 108 (50.00) | |
Had ever been offered naloxone | ||||
Yes | 187 (34.06) | 61 (15.97) | 126 (75.45) | < 0.0001 |
No | 362 (65.94) | 321 (84.03) | 41 (24.55) | |
Who offered you a naloxone prescription(n = 187) | ||||
Doctor who prescribed your opioid pain medication | 131 (70.05) | 40 (65.57) | 91 (72.22) | 0.1073 |
Another doctor | 34 (18.18) | 16 (26.23) | 18 (14.29) | |
Pharmacist | 22 (11.76) | 5 (8.2) | 17 (13.49) | |
Did you fill the naloxone prescription (n = 187) | ||||
Yes | 164 (87.70) | 46 (75.41) | 118 (93.65) | 0.0004 |
No | 23 (12.30) | 15 (24.59) | 8 (6.35) | |
What, if any, difficulties did you have filling the naloxone prescription(n = 187) | ||||
Only Pharmacy did not stock it | 34 (18.18) | 7 (11.48) | 27 (21.43) | < 0.0001 |
Only Problem with insurance coverage | 59 (31.55) | 24 (39.34) | 35 (27.78) | |
Only Pharmacist didn’t know what it was | 34 (18.18) | 22 (36.07) | 12 (9.52) | |
More than 2 above reasons | 60 (32.09) | 8 (13.11) | 52 (41.27) | |
Willingness to pay for naloxone | ||||
Unwilling7 | 69 (12.57) | 66 (17.28) | 3 (1.8) | < 0.0001 |
Willing7 | 480 (87.43) | 316 (82.74) | 164 (98.2) | |