Fig. 2
Overdose risk behaviors associated with using opioids while alone very oftena. Adjusted associations of engaging in several overdose risk behaviors very often (vs. less often or not at all) with using opioid analgesic medications (OAMs, panel A) and heroin (panel B) very often (vs. often, sometimes, rarely, or never). All overdose risk behaviors, including using while alone, were assessed in the past month. After adjustment for age, race, gender, and injecting or snorting any drug, participants who used alcohol or sedatives within two hours of OAMs very often and who used OAMs in a place they didn’t usually use them very often were more likely to also report using OAMs alone very often. After adjustment for age, race, gender, injecting or snorting, and ever experiencing an overdose, using sedatives or OAMs within two hours of using heroin very often and using heroin in a place they didn’t usually use heroin very often were more likely to also report using heroin alone very often. Abbreviations: OAMs: opioid analgesic medications. aOutcome modeled is those who used opioids Very Often vs. Often, Sometimes, Rarely, or Never