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Table 3 Odds of being prescribed naloxone at discharge of first ED visit by various characteristics. Notable results

From: Naloxone prescriptions among patients with a substance use disorder and a positive fentanyl urine drug screen presenting to the emergency department

Variable

Data Subset

OR

95% CI of OR

p Value

Covariate (s)

aORa

95% CI of aOR

p Value

AMCL started

All Patients

1.547

1.089–2.197

0.02*

UDS fentanyl POS

1.259

0.751–2.109

0.38

During COVIDb

All Patients

2.132

1.360–3.343

 < 0.001*

AMCL started; UDS fentanyl POS

2.325

1.006–5.371

0.05*

UDS fentanyl POS

All Patients

12.056

6.636–21.901

 < 0.001*

UDS oxy POS; UDS opiates POS; Patient race-White; OUD dx

5.800

2.758–12.198

 < 0.001*

UDS fentanyl POS

OUD dx

2.947

1.099–7.902

0.03*

UDS oxy POS; UDS opiates POS; Patient race-White

3.259

1.199–8.858

0.02*

UDS fentanyl POS

No OUD dx

11.493

4.164–31.722

 < 0.001*

UDS oxy POS; UDS opiates POS; Patient race-White

7.089

2.481–20.252

 < 0.001*

65yo or older

All Patients

0.152

0.037–0.617

0.008*

UDS fentanyl POS; UDS oxy POS; UDS opiates POS

0.212

0.029–1.557

0.13

OUD dx

All Patients

11.843

8.016–17.496

 < 0.001*

UDS fentanyl POS; UDS oxy POS; UDS opiates POS

5.482

2.885–10.418

 < 0.001*

Co-occurring Psych dx

All Patients

0.300

0.178–0.506

 < 0.001*

UDS fentanyl POS

0.513

0.281–0.935

0.03*

Co-occurring chronic medical condition

All Patients

0.245

0.158–0.382

< 0.001*

65yo or older; OUD dx; UDS fentanyl POS

0.629

0.357–1.106

0.11

Uninsured

All Patients

2.532

1.792–3.576

 < 0.001*

UDS fentanyl POS

1.271

0.769–2.100

0.35

Medicaid

All Patients

0.410

0.249–0.674

 < 0.001*

UDS fentanyl POS

0.693

0.359–1.339

0.28

Medicare

All Patients

0.447

0.252–0.793

0.006*

UDS fentanyl POS

0.603

0.258–1.409

0.24

Private insurance

All Patients

0.884

0.483–1.619

0.69

    

Patient race-White

All Patients

3.157

2.153–4.630

 < 0.001*

UDS fentanyl POS; OUD dx

1.278

0.723–2.261

0.40

Patient race-Black

All Patients

0.283

0.189–0.423

 < 0.001*

UDS fentanyl POS; OUD dx

0.669

0.368–1.217

0.19

Patient race-Black

OUD dx

0.832

0.473–1.464

0.52

    

Patient race-White

OUD dx

0.995

0.545–1.815

0.99

    

UDS amp POS

All Patients

2.685

1.522–4.763

 < 0.001*

UDS fentanyl pos

1.254

0.693–2.269

0.45

UDS fentanyl POS

UDS amp POS

4.860

1.632–14.469

0.005*

OUD dx

3.388

1.091–10.522

0.04*

UDS benzo POS

All Patients

1.766

0.931–3.347

0.08

    

UDS fentanyl POS

UDS benzo POS

13.401

1.733–103.640

0.01*

OUD dx

9.425

1.178–75.440

0.04*

UDS cocaine POS

All Patients

1.218

0.632–2.345

0.56

    

UDS fentanyl POS

UDS cocaine POS

6.899

2.055–23.163

0.002*

OUD dx

2.519

0.644–9.852

0.18

UDS opiates POS

All Patients

5.606

3.179–9.883

 < 0.001*

UDS fentanyl pos

3.135

1.740–5.647

 < 0.001*

UDS fentanyl POS

UDS opiates POS

4.767

1.776–12.793

0.002*

OUD dx

3.687

1.341–10.141

0.01*

UDS oxy POS

All Patients

6.876

3.803–12.429

 < 0.001*

UDS fentanyl pos

4.385

2.385–8.060

 < 0.001*

Unhousedc

Discharge dx SUD and UDS fentanyl POS

0.685

0.202–2.328

0.54

    

UDS amp POS

UDS Fentanyl POS

1.008

0.530–1.915

0.98

    

UDS opiates

UDS Fentanyl POS

2.506

1.316–4.770

0.005*

OUD dx

1.570

0.791–3.118

0.20

UDS oxy POS

UDS Fentanyl POS

3.126

1.568–6.233

0.001*

OUD dx

2.425

1.192–4.934

0.01*

  1. aAdjusted odds ratio noted when covariate(s) is/are used
  2. bDuring COVID was defined as years 2021 and 2020 and before COVID as year 2019
  3. cUnhoused was defined as the patient having no place to live at the time of the ED visit
  4. * statistically significant, p < 0.05
  5. Reference groups for each variable
  6. AMCL started—visits prior to AMCL starting; During COVID—visits during 2019; UDS fentanyl POS—UDS fentanyl negative; 65yo or older—less than 65 years old; OUD dx—no OUD dx; Co-occurring psych dx—no psych dx; Co-occurring chronic medical condition—no chronic medical condition; Uninsured—all other insurances; Medicaid—all other insurances; Medicare—all other insurances; Private insurance—all other insurances; Patient race-White—all other races; Patient race-Black—all other races; UDS amph POS—UDS amph negative; UDS benzo POS—UDS benzo negative; UDS cocaine POS—UDS cocaine negative; UDS opiate POS—UDS opiate negative; UDS oxy POS—UDS oxy negative; Unhoused—not unhoused
  7. ED—emergency department; Psych—psychiatric; UDS—urine drug screen; AMCL—addiction medicine inpatient consult liaison service; OUD—opioid use disorder; yo—years old; POS—positive; dx—diagnosis; oxy—oxycodone; benzo-—benzodiazepine; SUD—substance use disorder; THC—tetrahydrocannabinol
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Harm Reduction Journal

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