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Table 4 Odds of having a UDS presumptive positive for fentanyl at first ED Visit during the study time-period 2019–2021. Notable results

From: Naloxone prescriptions among patients with a substance use disorder and a positive fentanyl urine drug screen presenting to the emergency department

Variable

Data Subset

OR

95% OR CI

p Value

Covariate (s)

aORa

95% aOR CI

p Value

During COVIDb

All Patients

1.855

1.580–2.177

 < 0.001*

    

Multiple SUDs

All Patients

1.597

1.384–1.842

 < 0.001*

OUD dx

1.355

1.166–1.574

 < 0.001*

Co-occurring Psych dx

All Patients

0.839

0.719–0.978

0.03*

    

Co-occurring medical dx

All Patients

0.771

0.667–0.891

 < 0.001*

Age 65 and older; OUD dx

0.819

0.700–0.957

0.01*

 < 18 years old

All Patients

0.165

0.072–0.377

 < 0.001*

OUD diagnosis

0.187

0.081–0.431

 < 0.001*

Age 65 and older

All Patients

0.683

0.532–0.878

0.003*

OUD dx; Co-occurring medical dx

0.742

0.567–0.971

0.03*

Uninsured

All Patients

1.323

1.146–1.526

 < 0.001*

Patient race – White; OUD dx

1.251

1.075–1.456

0.004*

Medicaid

All Patients

0.792

0.663–0.945

0.01*

Patient race-Black

0.868

0.724–1.040

0.13

Medicare

All Patients

0.758

0.618–09.29

0.008*

Age 65 and older

0.861

0.678–1.093

0.22

Patient race-Black

All Patients

0.499

0.430–0.579

 < 0.001*

Medicaid; OUD dx

0.600

0.513–0.701

 < 0.001*

Patient race-White

All Patients

1.950

1.684–2.257

< 0.001*

Uninsured; OUD dx

1.638

1.405–1.909

 < 0.001*

OUD dx

All Patients

6.539

5.251–8.142

< 0.001*

Patient race-White

5.789

4.633–7.234

< 0.001*

UDS amph POS

All Patients

4.406

3.767–5.153

 < 0.001*

OUD dx; Multiple SUDs; UDS benzo, oxy, opiates POS

4.456

3.767–5.270

 < 0.001*

UDS benzo POS

All Patients

3.594

3.027–4.268

< 0.001*

OUD dx; Multiple SUDs; UDS amph, oxy, opiates POS

3.540

2.933–4.273

 < 0.001*

UDS cocaine POS

All Patients

0.867

0.726–1.036

0.12

    

UDS opiate POS

All Patients

3.608

3.040–4.282

 < 0.001*

OUD dx; Multiple SUDs; UDS amph, benzo, oxy POS

2.973

2.410–3.668

< 0.001*

UDS oxy POS

All Patients

2.690

2.136–3.386

 < 0.001*

OUD diagnosis; Multiple SUDs; UDS amph, benzo, opiates POS

1.181

0.884–1.578

0.26

UDS THC POS

All Patients

1.294

1.116–1.499

 < 0.001*

OUD dx; Multiple SUDs; UDS amph POS

1.164

0.989–1.369

0.07

  1. aOdds ratio adjusted by covariates listed
  2. bDuring COVID was defined as years 2021 and 2020 and before COVID as year 2019
  3. * statistically significant, p < 0.05
  4. Reference groups for each variable
  5. Multiple SUDs—only one SUD; During COVID—visits during 2019; UDS fentanyl POS—UDS fentanyl negative; < 18 years old—18yo and older; 65yo or older—less than 65 years old; OUD dx—no OUD dx; Co-occurring psych dx—no psych dx; Co-occurring chronic medical condition—no chronic medical condition; Uninsured—all other insurances; Medicaid—all other insurances; Medicare—all other insurances; Private insurance—all other insurances; Patient race-White—all other races; Patient race-Black—all other races; UDS amph POS—UDS amph negative; UDS benzo POS—UDS benzo negative; UDS cocaine POS—UDS cocaine negative; UDS opiate POS—UDS opiate negative; UDS THC POS—UDS THC negative; UDS oxy POS—UDS oxy negative
  6. ED—emergency department; UDS—urine drug screen; AMCL—addiction medicine consult liaison service; Psych—psychiatric; OUD—opioid use disorder; POS—positive; dx—diagnosis; amph—amphetamine; benzo—benzodiazepine; oxy—oxycodone
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Harm Reduction Journal

ISSN: 1477-7517