Table 1 Descriptive results and bivariable comparisons between PWUDs who were willing versus not willing to use a DCR
Parameter | Total n (%) | Will use DCR n (%) | Will not use DCR n (%) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Location of the survey | ||||
Harm reduction center | 67 (34.7) | 52 (41.9) | 15 (21.7) | < 0.0001 |
Addiction unit | 91 (47.2) | 40 (32.3) | 51 (73.9) | |
Street | 35 (18.1) | 32 (25.8) | 3 (4.4) | |
Gender | ||||
Male | 155 (80.3) | 101 (81.5) | 54 (78.3) | 0.612 |
Female | 37 (19.2) | 22 (17.7) | 15 (21.7) | |
Non binary | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
Mean age (±SD) (nmv = 3) | 38.52 (± 9.35) | 38.13 (± 9.67) | 39.24 (± 8.81) | 0.437 |
Current activity (nmv = 3) | ||||
Yes | 61 (32.1) | 33 (27.3) | 28 (40.6) | 0.059 |
No | 129 (67.9) | 88 (72.7) | 41 (59.4) | |
Marital status (nmv = 1) | ||||
Alone | 117 (60.9) | 82 (66.7) | 35 (50.8) | 0.058 |
In couple | 42 (21.9) | 25 (20.3) | 17 (24.6) | |
Living with family/friends/other | 33 (17.2) | 16 (13.0) | 17 (24.6) | |
Dependent children (nmv = 3) | ||||
Yes | 30 (15.8) | 15 (12.4) | 15 (21.7) | 0.089 |
No | 160 (84.2) | 106 (87.6) | 54 (78.3) | |
Housing location | ||||
Lyon | 178 (92.2) | 116 (93.6) | 62 (89.9) | 0.358 |
Other (Departmental, regional, national) | 15 (7.8) | 8 (6.4) | 7 (10.1) | |
Type of housing | ||||
Stable | 97 (50.3) | 58 (46.8) | 39 (56.5) | 0.194 |
Unstable (Street/squat/foster home/friends/family) | 96 (49.7) | 66 (53.2) | 30 (43.5) | |
Social insurance for the precarious (nmv = 26) | ||||
Yes | 90 (53.9) | 71 (66.4) | 19 (31.7) | < 0.0001 |
No | 77 (46.1) | 36 (33.6) | 41 (68.3) | |
HIV status (nmv = 1) | ||||
Positive | 7 (3.7) | 6 (4.9) | 1 (1.4) | 0.394 |
Negative | 174 (90.6) | 111 (90.2) | 63 (91.3) | |
Unknown | 11 (5.7) | 6 (4.9) | 5 (7.3) | |
HCV serology status (nmv = 1) | ||||
Positive (untreated and cured) | 39 (20.3) | 32 (26.0) | 7 (10.1) | 0.015 |
Negative | 132 (68.8) | 76 (61.8) | 56 (81.2) | |
Unknown | 21 (10.9) | 15 (12.2) | 6 (8.7) | |
HBV status (nmv = 2) | ||||
Positive | 7 (3.7) | 4 (3.3) | 3 (4.4) | 0.062 |
Negative | 141 (73.8) | 84 (68.8) | 57 (82.6) | |
Unknown | 43 (22.5) | 34 (27.9) | 9 (13.0) | |
Drug used | ||||
Alcohol | 140 (72.5) | 93 (75.0) | 47 (68.1) | 0.304 |
Tobacco | 178 (92.2) | 114 (91.9) | 64 (92.7) | 0.839 |
Cannabis | 144 (74.6) | 101 (81.4) | 43 (62.3) | 0.003 |
Cocaine (crack included) | 159 (82.4) | 105 (84.7) | 54 (78.3) | 0.262 |
Crack-cocaine form | 98 (50.8) | 72 (73.5) | 26 (26.5) | 0.007 |
Amphetamine | 62 (32.1) | 47 (37.9) | 15 (21.7) | 0.021 |
Heroin | 97 (50.3) | 60 (48.4) | 37 (53.6) | 0.486 |
Morphine | 57 (29.5) | 45 (36.3) | 12 (17.4) | 0.006 |
Benzodiazepine | 95 (49.2) | 68 (54.8) | 27 (39.1) | 0.036 |
Pregabalin | 9 (4.7) | 6 (4.8) | 3 (4.3) | 0.877 |
Methylphenidate | 2 (1.0) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (1.4) | 0.673 |
Cathinones | 12 (6.2) | 6 (4.8) | 6 (8.7) | 0.288 |
Methadone (without prescription) | 35 (18.1) | 26 (21.0) | 9 (13.0) | 0.171 |
Buprenorphine (without prescription) | 35 (18.1) | 29 (23.4) | 6 (8.7) | 0.011 |
Other: ketamine, mushrooms, LSD… | 22 (11.4) | 15 (12.1) | 7 (10.1) | 0.683 |
Materials utilized | ||||
Syringes | 59 (30.6) | 46 (37.1) | 13 (18.8) | 0.008 |
Snorting straws | 100 (51.8) | 54 (43.5) | 46 (66.7) | 0.002 |
Crack pipes | 49 (25.4) | 36 (29.0) | 13 (18.8) | 0.119 |
Other | 22 (11.4) | 12 (9.7) | 10 (14.5) | 0.313 |
Consumption habits | ||||
Always with partners | 160 (83.3) | 106 (86.2) | 54 (78.3) | 0.158 |
Always in a precarious place | 33 (17.1) | 21 (16.9) | 12 (17.4) | 0.936 |
Occasional in a precarious place | 168 (87.0) | 111 (89.5) | 57 (82.6) | 0.171 |
In public space (i.e., street, toilets, and stairwell) | 138 (71.5) | 99 (71.7) | 39 (28.3) | 0.001 |
Problems experienced with | ||||
Residents, shopkeepers, customers… (nmv = 34) | 63 (39.6) | 54 (52.9) | 9 (15.8) | < 0.0001 |
Police (mmv = 34) | 43 (27.0) | 36 (35.3) | 7 (12.3) | 0.002 |
PWUDs perceived as being a nuisance (nmv = 67) | ||||
Yes | 60 (47.6) | 42 (57.5) | 18 (34.0) | 0.009 |
No | 66 (52.4) | 31 (42.5) | 35 (66.0) | |
Drug preparation and drug use habits | ||||
Mean time (min) to prepare (±SD) (nmv = 4) | 6.00 (± 4.62) | 6.34 (± 4.48) | 5.41 (± 4.82) | 0.180 |
Mean time (min) to consume (±SD) (nmv = 13) | 21.32 (± 65.23) | 17.54 (± 51.08) | 28.00 (± 84.75) | 0.303 |
Number of consumptions per day (±SD) (nmv = 18) | 5.11 (± 4.58) | 4.81 (± 4.17) | 5.62 (± 5.18) | 0.256 |
Start time (hour) of consumption (±SD) (nmv = 30) | 11.50 (± 4.47) | 11.47 (± 4.27) | 11.56 (± 4.84) | 0.903 |
Finish time (hour) of consumption (±SD) (nmv = 35) | 13.57 (± 9.45) | 14.09 (± 9.52) | 12.64 (± 9.34) | 0.360 |
Police intervention during drug use (nmv = 7) | ||||
Yes | 59 (31.7) | 49 (40.8) | 10 (15.1) | < 0.001 |
No | 127 (68.3) | 71 (59.2) | 56 (84.9) | |
Access to a water point (nmv = 9) | ||||
Yes | 70 (38.0) | 35 (30.2) | 35 (51.5) | 0.004 |
Sometimes | 72 (39.2) | 47 (40.5) | 25 (36.7) | |
No | 42 (22.8) | 34 (29.3) | 8 (11.8) | |
Loan of materials (nmv = 2) | ||||
Yes | 47 (24.6) | 36 (29.5) | 11 (15.9) | 0.037 |
No | 144 (75.4) | 86 (70.5) | 58 (84.1) | |
Reuses materials (nmv = 1) | ||||
Yes | 148 (77.1) | 102 (82.9) | 46 (66.7) | 0.010 |
No | 44 (22.9) | 21 (17.1) | 23 (33.3) | |
Fate of the material | ||||
Clean disposal (container, pharmacy…) | 71 (36.8) | 57 (46.0) | 14 (20.3) | < 0.001 |
Inappropriate disposal (street, garbage can…) | 122 (63.2) | 67 (54.0) | 55 (79.7) | |
About opioid overdose | ||||
History of overdose | 56 (29.0) | 39 (31.4) | 17 (24.6) | 0.317 |
Number of overdose (±SD) (nmv = 2) | 54 (96.4) | 2.08 (± 1.77) | 1.76 (± 1.09) | 0.501 |
Knows about THN | 126 (65.6) | 86 (69.9) | 40 (58.0) | 0.094 |
Ever used intranasal THN (nmv = 3) | 16 (8.4) | 9 (7.3) | 7 (10.4) | 0.458 |
Ever used intramuscular THN (nmv = 7) | 4 (2.2) | 4 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.138 |
THN preferences (nmv = 9) | ||||
Intranasal | 53 (28.8) | 30 (25.6) | 23 (34.3) | 0.434 |
Intramuscular | 19 (10.3) | 12 (10.3) | 7 (10.5) | |
No matter | 112 (60.9) | 75 (64.1) | 37 (55.2) | |
Treated by OAT | ||||
Yes | 127 (65.8) | 82 (66.1) | 45 (65.2) | 0.898 |
No | 66 (34.2) | 42 (33.9) | 24 (34.8) | |
Type of OAT prescribed (nmv = 2) | ||||
Buprenorphine | 60 (48.0) | 44 (55.0) | 16 (35.6) | 0.055 |
Methadone | 60 (48.0) | 32 (40.0) | 28 (62.2) | |
Morphine | 5 (4.0) | 4 (5.0) | 1 (2.2) | |
Routes of OAT administration (nmv = 1) | ||||
Only those authorized | 71 (56.4) | 39 (47.6) | 32 (72.7) | 0.007 |
Diverted (snorted, injected, both) | 55 (43.6) | 43 (52.4) | 12 (27.3) | |
Diverted routes of OAT administration (nmv = 1) | ||||
Injected | 35 (63.6) | 29 (67.4) | 6 (50.0) | 0.534 |
Snorted | 17 (30.9) | 12 (27.9) | 5 (41.7) | |
Both | 3 (5.5) | 2 (4.7) | 1 (8.3) | |
Main obstacle for OAT use (nmv = 9) | ||||
Inappropriate treatment | 52 (28.2) | 39 (32.3) | 13 (20.6) | 0.023 |
Difficult access to an addiction center | 32 (17.4) | 27 (22.3) | 5 (7.9) | |
Difficult access to doctor | 29 (15.8) | 13 (10.7) | 16 (25.4) | |
Difficulty in following up | 20 (10.9) | 13 (10.7) | 7 (11.1) | |
Difficulties related to other consumption | 8 (4.3) | 4 (3.3) | 4 (6.4) | |
Nothing | 18 (9.8) | 11 (9.1) | 7 (11.1) | |
Other/not concerned | 25 (13.6) | 14 (11.6) | 11 (17.5) | |
Places of consultation (nmv = 4) | ||||
None | 37 (19.6) | 27 (22.3) | 10 (14.7) | 0.045 |
Addiction center | 114 (60.3) | 65 (53.7) | 49 (72.1) | |
Office based | 38 (20.1) | 29 (24.0) | 9 (13.2) | |
Users' wishes | ||||
New addiction center (nmv = 13) | 135 (75.0) | 83 (73.4) | 52 (77.6) | 0.533 |
New harm reduction center (nmv = 13) | 147 (81.7) | 98 (87.5) | 49 (72.1) | 0.009 |
A low threshold methadone bus (nmv = 17) | 135 (76.7) | 89 (80.2) | 46 (70.8) | 0.154 |
Drug consumption rooms (nmv = 3) | 165 (86.8) | 119 (97.5) | 46 (67.6) | < 0.0001 |
New automatic syringe dispenser (nmv = 17) | 144 (81.8) | 95 (88.0) | 49 (72.1) | 0.008 |
New hospital-based withdrawal service (nmv = 22) | 150 (87.7) | 88 (84.6) | 62 (92.5) | 0.123 |
More psychiatric consultations (nmv = 17) | 131 (74.4) | 78 (72.2) | 53 (77.9) | 0.397 |
More hosting solutions (nmv = 12) | 156 (86.2) | 106 (93.8) | 50 (73.5) | < 0.001 |