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Table 2 Factors longitudinally associated with pain medication denial among people who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada

From: Denial of prescription pain medication among people who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada

 

Unadjusted (n = 4179)

Adjusted (n = 4134**)

Characteristic

Odds Ratio (95% CI)

p – value

Odds Ratio (95% CI)

p – value

Age

Per year older

0.97 (0.96–0.98)

 < 0.001

0.98 (0.97–0.99))

 < 0.001

Sex

Male vs. female

1.06 (0.85–1.30)

0.616

  

Ethnicity/Ancestry

Indigenous vs. White

0.92 (0.75–1.13)

0.439

  

POC/other vs. White

0.71 (0.41–1.25)

0.237

  

Education completed

 ≥ High school vs

 < High school

1.08 (0.88–1.33)

0.442

  

Living with HIV

Yes vs. no

0.64 (0.53–0.79)

 < 0.001

0.83 (0.67–1.03)

0.088

HCV status

Seropositive vs. seronegative

0.86 (0.67–1.10)

0.223

  

Physical disability

Yes vs. no

1.07 (0.89–1.28)

0.474

  

Housing status*

Unstable vs. stable

1.26 (1.06–1.49)

0.008

1.11 (0.92–1.33)

0.274

Downtown Eastside residency*

Yes vs. no

1.12 (0.94–1.35)

0.208

  

Incarceration*

Yes vs. no

2.00 (1.44–2.76)

 < 0.001

1.39 (0.98–1.96)

0.066

Opioid agonist therapy*

Yes vs. no

1.38 (1.15–1.66)

0.001

1.32 (1.09–1.61)

0.005

Non-fatal overdose*

Yes vs. no

1.86 (1.52–2.28)

 < 0.001

1.51 (1.22–1.88)

 < 0.001

Self-manage pain*

Yes vs. no

2.74 (2.30–3.26)

 < 0.001

2.48 (2.04–3.00)

 < 0.001

Heavy alcohol use*

Yes vs. no

1.15 (0.93–1.43)

0.191

  

Daily cannabis use*

Yes vs. no

1.16 (0.97–1.40)

0.11

  

Daily stimulant use*,†

Yes vs. no

1.39 (1.16–1.66)

 < 0.001

1.12 (0.92–1.36)

0.251

Daily heroin/unregulated opioid use*

Yes vs. no

1.91 (1.55–2.35)

 < 0.001

1.32 (1.05–1.66)

0.018

Any injection drug use*

Yes vs. no

1.61 (1.36–1.92)

 < 0.001

1.12 (0.91–1.38)

0.302

Daily non-medical prescription opioid use*

Yes vs. no

1.36 (1.02–1.82)

0.034

1.24 (0.91–1.69)

0.177

Period

2016–2020 vs. 2012–2015

1.05 (0.90–1.23)

0.509

  
  1. GEE generalized estimating equations, CI confidence interval, POC person of colour, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, HCV hepatitis C virus
  2. *in the six months prior to the interview date
  3. †Defined as daily cocaine, crack, or meth use
  4. **45 observations were removed from the final model due to missing data
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Harm Reduction Journal

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