Table 1 Results of NSP snapshot surveys

Snapshot surveys 1–3 (N = 3218)

Drug last injected

 Heroin

390 (32)

279 (23)

184 (15)

356 (29)

 < 0.001^f

 Methamphetamine

428 (31)

316 (23)

302 (22)

357 (25)

 PIEDS^e

59 (38)

53 (34)

15 (10)

27 (18)

 Pharmaceuticals^g

62 (42)

13 (9)

36 (25)

35 (24)

 Other^h

24 (46)

12 (23)

0 (0)

16 (31)

 Cocaine

9 (4)

21 (10)

npⁱ

10 (5)

 Missing

61 (29)

64 (30)

24 (11)

64 (30)

Snapshot survey 1^j (N = 1000)

 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander

 No

297 (35)

198 (24)

138 (16)

205 (24)

0.603^f

 Yes

42 (37)

28 (25)

11 (10)

33 (29)

 Missing

18 (38)

13 (27)

6 (13)

11 (23)

LGBTQIA + ^k

 No

278 (35)

190 (24)

130 (16)

200 (25)

0.151^f

 Yes

52 (38)

38 (28)

18 (13)

30 (22)

 Unsure

11 (69)

0 (0)

npⁱ

npⁱ

 Missing

16 (33)

11 (23)

6 (13)

15 (31)

Parents born in Australia

 Both born in Australia

200 (36)

131 (23)

93 (17)

139 (25)

0.284^f

 One born outside Australia

48 (30)

42 (26)

32 (20)

38 (24)

 Both born outside Australia

78 (38)

48 (24)

24 (12)

54 (26)

 Unknown

10 (50)

7 (35)

0 (0)

npⁱ

 Missing

21 (40)

11 (21)

6 (11)

15 (28)

Snapshot survey 2^l (N = 1533)

Employment status

 Unemployed

214 (30)

155 (22)

162 (23)

177 (25)

 < 0.001^f

 Employed

116 (27)

143 (34)

74 (17)

92 (22)

 Pensioner

88 (39)

43 (19)

28 (12)

68 (30)

 Student

7 (28)

6 (24)

4 (16)

8 (32)

 Other

10 (31)

6 (19)

8 (25)

8 (25)

 Missing

20 (17)

49 (42)

8 (7)

39 (34)

Accommodation type

 Private rental

106 (26)

112 (28)

79 (19)

109 (27)

 < 0.001^f

 Public housing

117 (36)

64 (20)

79 (25)

62 (19)

 NFA^m/homeless

79 (28)

71 (25)

55 (20)

75 (27)

 Owner occupied

47 (32)

53 (36)

18 (12)

28 (19)

 Boarding/rooming house

55 (38)

17 (12)

24 (16)

50 (34)

 Living with parents/family

18 (24)

25 (33)

13 (17)

19 (25)

 Crisis/supported/transitional/temporary

10 (26)

12 (31)

8 (21)

9 (23)

 Other

npⁱ

npⁱ

npⁱ

npⁱ

 Missing

20 (18)

47 (43)

5 (5)

37 (34)

Accommodation stability

 No

144 (31)

103 (22)

95 (20)

122 (26)

 < 0.001^f

 Yes

291 (30)

251 (26)

183 (19)

235 (24)

 Missing

20 (18)

48 (44)

6 (6)

35 (32)

Felt unsafe in the last 24 h

 No

388 (32)

294 (24)

239 (20)

286 (24)

 < 0.001^f

 Yes

45 (21)

61 (28)

38 (18)

72 (33)

 Missing

22 (20)

47 (43)

7 (6)

34 (31)

Snapshot 3ⁿ (N = 685)

Length of NSP use (months; [median; IQR^o])

84 (36–180)

78 (36–180)

60 (12–96)

120 (48–180)

 < 0.001^p

Freq. of NSP use (per/wk; [median; IQR^l])

1 (0–5)

1 (0–3)

2 (1–3)

2 (1–4)

 < 0.001^m

Referral to health/support service

 No

72 (22)

79 (24)

70 (21)

109 (33)

 < 0.001^f

 Yes

124 (42)

25 (9)

51 (17)

93 (32)

 Missing

25 (40)

13 (21)

2 (3)

22 (35)

Attended referral (N = 293)

 No

21 (51)

4 (10)

11 (27)

5 (12)

0.012^f

 Yes

102 (41)

19 (8)

40 (16)

86 (35)

 Missing

npⁱ

npⁱ

npⁱ

npⁱ