Association between willingness to use an overdose prevention center and probation or parole status among people who use drugs in Rhode Island

Tan, Michael; Park, Carolyn; Goldman, Jacqueline; Biello, Katie B.; Buxton, Jane; Hadland, Scott E.; Park, Ju Nyeong; Sherman, Susan G.; Macmadu, Alexandria; Marshall, Brandon D. L.

doi:10.1186/s12954-024-00969-0

Harm Reduction Journal

Table 1 Sociodemographic, drug use patterns, and drug use perception characteristics of 482 people who use drugs compared with willingness to use an OPC

From: Association between willingness to use an overdose prevention center and probation or parole status among people who use drugs in Rhode Island

Characteristic (n)	Overall n = 482 (%)	No, willingness to use OPC n = 138 (29%)	Yes, willingness to use an OPC n = 344 (71%)	p-value
Probation/parole status				0.24
Never been on probation/parole	116 (24%)	33 (24%)	83 (24%)
Not currently on probation/parole	212 (44%)	68 (49%)	144 (42%)
Currently on probation or parole	154 (32%)	37 (27%)	117 (34%)
Sociodemographics
Sex at birth				0.12
Male	322 (67%)	85 (62%)	237 (69%)
Female	160 (33%)	53 (38%)	107 (31%)
Gender identity^a				1.00
Cisgender	464 (97%)	133 (97%)	331 (97%)
Transgender or other	16 (3%)	4 (3%)	12 (3%)
Age, median (IQR)	43 (35, 53)	45 (34, 56)	42 (35, 51)	0.07
Race^a				0.33
White	269 (56%)	70 (52%)	199 (58%)
Black	90 (19%)	32 (24%)	58 (17%)
Bi/multi-racial	62 (13%)	16 (12%)	46 (13%)
Other	58 (12%)	18 (13%)	40 (12%)
Ethnicity^a				0.82
Non-Hispanic/Latine	383 (80%)	110 (80%)	273 (79%)
Hispanic/Latine	98 (20%)	27 (20%)	71 (21%)
Homelessness^a				< 0.01^b
No	231 (48%)	80 (58%)	151 (44%)
Yes	250 (52%)	58 (42%)	192 (56%)
Drug use behaviors and patterns
Regular use of crack cocaine^c				< 0.01^b
No	188 (39%)	71 (51%)	117 (34%)
Yes	294 (61%)	67 (49%)	227 (66%)
Regular use of powder cocaine^c				0.02^b
No	352 (73%)	111 (80%)	241 (70%)
Yes	130 (27%)	27 (20%)	103 (30%)
Regular use of heroin^c				< 0.01^b
No	329 (68%)	114 (83%)	215 (63%)
Yes	153 (32%)	24 (17%)	129 (38%)
Regular use of fentanyl^e				< 0.01^b
No	323 (67%)	110 (80%)	213 (62%)
Yes	131 (27%)	17 (12%)	114 (33%)
DK/R	28 (6%)	11 (8%)	17 (5%)
Regular injection drug use^c				< 0.01^b
No	352 (73%)	121 (88%)	231 (67%)
Yes	130 (27%)	17 (12%)	113 (33%)
Regular non-injection drug use^c				0.21
No	56 (12%)	20 (15%)	36 (10%)
Yes	426 (88%)	118 (85%)	308 (90%)
Regular concurrent drug use^cd				< 0.01^b
No	232 (48%)	93 (67%)	139 (40%)
Yes	250 (52%)	45 (33%)	205 (60%)
Drug dealing in the past month^a				< 0.02^b
No	358 (75%)	113 (82%)	245 (72%)
Yes	120 (25%)	24 (18%)	96 (28%)
Opioid agonist therapy^a				0.01^b
No	363 (75%)	114 (83%)	249 (72%)
Yes	118 (25%)	23 (17%)	95 (28%)
Have you ever seen someone overdose?^a				< 0.01^b
No	68 (14%)	30 (22%)	38 (11%)
Yes	412 (86%)	108 (78%)	304 (89%)
Experience lifetime overdose^a				< 0.01^b
No	219 (46%)	81 (60%)	138 (40%)
Yes	258 (54%)	54 (40%)	204 (60%)
Attitudes and preferences ance use
Self-concern of overdose^a				0.02^b
No	195 (41%)	67 (49%)	128 (37%)
Yes	286 (59%)	71 (51%)	215 (63%)
Preference using fentanyl or drugs that have fentanyl^a				0.02^b
No	407 (85%)	125 (91%)	282 (82%)
Yes	72 (15%)	12 (9%)	60 (18%)
Concern about drugs containing fentanyl				0.17
No	133 (28%)	44 (32%)	89 (26%)
Yes	348 (72%)	93 (68%)	255 (74%)

^aResponses with missing data were excluded
^bp < 0.05
^cRegular use is operationalized as ≥ 4 days of use in the last month
^dRegular concurrent drug use is measured to be regular use of two or more of the following drugs: crack cocaine, powder cocaine, heroin, crystal methamphetamine, psychedelics, club drugs, non-prescribed prescription opioids, non-prescribed benzodiazepines, and non-prescribed methadone or buprenorphine
^eRegular fentanyl use is operationalized as “multiple times per day,” “every day,” or “at least every week” in the last 30 days. Non-regular fentanyl use is operationalized as “Never” or “Once or a couple of times.”

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ISSN: 1477-7517

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