Table 2 Modified Poisson regression of the effect of probation or parole and other characteristics on willingness to use an OPC in Rhode Island of 482 PWUD from September 2020 to February 2023

Probation/parole status

 Never been on probation/parole

Ref

–

Ref

–

 Not currently on probation/parole

0.95 (0.82, 1.10)

0.49

0.95 (0.82, 1.10)

0.47

 Currently on probation or parole

1.06 (0.92, 1.23)

0.42

0.93 (0.81, 1.09)

0.38

Sociodemographics

 Sex at birth

  Male

Ref

–

Ref

–

  Female

0.91 (0.80, 1.03)

0.14

0.93 (0.82, 1.05)

0.25

 Gender identity

  Cisgender

Ref

–

–

–

  Transgender

1.05 (0.79, 1.40)

0.73

–

–

 Age (per year)

1.00 (0.99, 1.00)

0.12

1.00 (0.99, 1.00)

0.39

 Race

  White

Ref

–

Ref

–

  Black

0.87 (0.74, 1.03)

0.11

0.98 (0.83, 1.16)

0.84

  Bi/multi-racial

1.00 (0.85, 1.18)

0.97

1.02 (0.88, 1.19)

0.79

  Other

0.93 (0.77, 1.12)

0.46

1.01 (0.85, 1.20)

0.98

 Ethnicity

  Non-Hispanic/Latine

Ref

–

–

–

  Hispanic/Latine

1.02 (0.89, 1.17)

0.82

–

–

 Current homelessness

  No

Ref

–

Ref

–

  Yes

1.17 (1.05, 1.32)

0.01^a

1.09 (0.98, 1.23)

0.13

Drug use behavior

 Regular use of crack cocaine^b

  No

Ref

–

Ref

–

  Yes

1.24 (1.09, 1.41)

 < 0.01^a

1.18 (1.01, 1.37)

0.03^a

 Regular use of powder cocaine^b

  No

Ref

–

Ref

–

  Yes

1.16 (1.03, 1.30)

0.01^a

1.00 (0.88, 1.12)

0.95

 Regular use of heroin^b

  No

Ref

–

–

–

  Yes

1.29 (1.16, 1.43)

 < 0.01^a

–

–

 Regular injection drug use^b

  No

Ref

–

Ref

–

  Yes

1.32 (1.20, 1.47)

 < 0.01^a

1.07 (0.94, 1.21)

0.33

 Regular non-injection drug use^b

  No

Ref

–

Ref

–

  Yes

1.12 (0.92, 1.38)

0.26

0.89 (0.69, 1.15)

0.39

 Regular concurrent drug use^c

  No

Ref

–

Ref

–

  Yes

1.37 (1.21, 1.54)

 < 0.01^a

1.16 (0.98, 1.36)

0.08

 Regular fentanyl use^d

  No

Ref

–

Ref

–

  Yes

1.32 (1.19, 1.46)

 < 0.01^a

1.08 (0.96, 1.22)

0.18

  DK/R

0.92 (0.68, 1.25)

0.60

1.01 (0.75, 1.37)

0.95

 Drug dealing in the past month

  No

Ref

–

–

–

  Yes

1.17 (1.04, 1.31)

 < 0.01^a

–

–

 Opioid agonist therapy

  No

Ref

–

Ref

–

  Yes

1.17 (1.05, 1.31)

 < 0.01^a

1.07 (0.95, 1.21)

0.29

 Have you ever seen someone overdose?

  No

Ref

–

–

–

  Yes

1.32 (1.06, 1.64)

0.01^a

–

–

 Experience lifetime overdose

  No

Ref

–

Ref

–

  Yes

1.25 (1.11, 1.41)

 < 0.01^a

1.16 (1.02, 1.31)

0.02^a

Attitudes and preferences

 Self-concern of overdose

  No

Ref

–

–

–

  Yes

1.15 (1.01, 1.29)

0.03^a

–

–

 Preference using fentanyl or drugs that have fentanyl

  No

Ref

–

–

–

  Yes

1.20 (1.06, 1.36)

 < 0.01^a

–

–

 Concern about drugs containing fentanyl

  No

Ref

–

–

–

  Yes

1.10 (0.96, 1.25)

0.19

–

–