Table 1 Characteristics of former USSR, Israeli-born, and other immigrant patient groups

N (%)

89 (100)

110 (100)

63 (100)

696 (100)

132 (100)

Female*

31 (34.8)

30 (27.3)

16 (25.4)

159 (22.8)

18 (13.6)

0.002 (13.0)

Jew faith*

58 (66.7)

73 (66.4)

49 (81.7)

634 (91.2)

106 (80.3)

 < 0.001 (64.4)

Age at admission, y

35.5 ± 8.7

35.5 ± 9.1

38.2 ± 10.7

42.4 ± 10.2

44.7 ± 11.5

 < 0.001 (49.1)

Age < 30 y on admission

21 (23.6)

27 (24.5)

16 (25.4)

64 (9.2)

14 (10.5)

 < 0.001 (36.3)

In Israel pre- MMT, y

13.4 ± 10.6

11.1 ± 9.0

16.6 ± 10.7

31.3 ± 19.3

 < 0.001 (144.5)

pre- MMT > 10y*

38 (43.7)

59 (55.1)

20 (33.3)

26 (22.4)

 < 0.001

Immigration year

 < 0.001)215)

 ≤ 1989

10 (11.2)

6 (5.5)

7 (11.1)

85 (64.4)

1990–1999

62 (69.7)

77 (70.0)

43 (68.3)

24 (18.2)

2000–2003

11 (12.4)

21 (19.1)

5 (7.9)

2 (1.5)

2004–2013

3 (3.4)

3 (2.7)

5 (7.9)

5 (3.8)

2014–2022

2 (2.2)

1 (0.9)

1 (1.6)

5 (3.8)

unknown

1 (1.1)

2 (1.8)

2 (3.2)

11 (8.3)

Age at opioid onset, y

21.3 ± 6.2

22.3 ± 7.4

20.9 ± 6.3

22.3 ± 7.5

25.1 ± 8.5

 < 0.001 (11.8)

Age at alcohol onset, y

14.9 ± 2.1

17.3 ± 5.3

15.2 ± 3.3

18.5 ± 7.0

17.3 ± 7.9

0.001 (6.7)

Ever alcohol use*

50 (83.3)

60 (78.9)

32 (69.6)

225 (57.8)

47 (64.4)

 < 0.001 (22.7)

Age at cannabis onset, y

18.4 ± 6.8

18.2 ± 6.0

17.0 ± 5.5

16.8 ± 6.0

16.5 ± 5.5

0.1

Ever cannabis usage*

79 (88.8)

90 (81.8)

55 (87.3)

566 (81.7)

110 (82.7)

0.5

Age at BDZ onset, y

25.6 ± 8.1

27.1 ± 7.7

25.4 ± 8.0

27.5 ± 10.6

31.1 ± 13.3

 < 0.001 (7.5)

Ever BDZ usage*

72 (80.9)

85 (78.0)

45 (71.4)

561 (81.7)

109 (82.0)

0.2

Pre-MMT opiate, y

14.2 ± 9.0

13.1 ± 8.0

17.1 ± 10.6

20.3 ± 10.5

19.5 ± 12.4

 < 0.001 (29.0)

Opiate abuse ≥ 20 y*

23 (25.8)

25 (22.9)

24 (40.7)

351 (51.7)

61 (48.8)

 < 0.001 (48.1)

Way of admission*

 < 0.001 (30.1)

Self

61 (68.5)

52 (47.7)

34 (54.8)

469 (67.9)

78 (60.5)

Medical/hospital

(18.0) 16

31 (28.4)

17 (27.4)

84 (12.2)

15 (11.6)

Others

12 (13.5)

26 (23.9)

11 (17.7)

138 (20.0)

36 (27.9)

DSM-5 Psychiatric*

0.002 (19.6)

Axis I

15 (18.3)

17 (17.0)

13 (23.2)

98 (15.3)

15 (12.4)

Axis II

25 (30.5)

42 (42.0)

16 (28.6)

286 (44.5)

59 (48.8)

Axis I & II

22 (26.8)

19 (19.0)

8 (14.3)

159 (24.8)

31 (25.6)

None

20 (24.4)

22 (22.0)

19 (33.9)

99 (15.4)

16 (13.2)

Living alone*

63 (70.8)

80 (72.2)

43 (68.3)

466 (67.2)

88 (66.2)

0.8

Having children ≥ 1*

41 (46.1)

62 (56.4)

34 (54.0)

478 (69.0)

85 (63.9)

 < 0.001 (23.9)

Education ≥ 12y*

42 (47.2)

49 (45.4)

26 (43.3)

142 (20.9)

39 (29.8)

 < 0.001 (51.1)

Criminal history events

27.8 ± 42.1

22.9 ± 39.6

15.6 ± 32.9

31.8 ± 43.1

39.0 ± 49.1

0.007 (5.0)

Ever injected*

72 (80.9)

100 (90.9)

52 (83.9)

343 (49.9)

64 (48.5)

 < 0.001 (121.1)

Hepatitis C antibody*

69 (80.2)

83 (77.6)

46 (75.4)

303 (45.6)

57 (44.5)

 < 0.001 (90.0)

HIV antibody^≠≠

10 (11.2)

35 (31.8)

8 (12.7)

18 (2.6)

6 (4.5)

 < 0.001 (90.0)

Hepatitis B antigen^≠≠*

5 (5.6)

9 (8.2)

4 (6.3)

12 (1.7)

6 (4.5)

0.01 (14.8)

Drug on admission

Benzodiazepine*

55 (61.8)

59 (53.6)

33 (52.4)

409 (58.9)

75 (56.8)

0.8

Cocaine*

19 (21.3)

32 (29.1)

20 (31.7)

209 (30.1)

37 (28.0)

0.5

THC*

16 (18.0)

15 (13.6)

9 (14.3)

94 (13.5)

15 (11.4)

0.7

Amphetamines^#*

4 (4.7)

4 (3.8)

4 (7.0)

42 (6.3)

9 (7.0)

0.8

After one year

Retention* (%)

83.1

76.1

78

72

75.6

0.2

Opioid stopped* (%)

71.6

74.7

71.7

66.3

70

0.2

Benzodiazepine* (%)

45.9

49.4

37

49.5

45

0.7

Cocaine* (%)

23

18.1

15.2

18.3

18.5

0.4

THC* (%)

29.7

18.1

15.2

15.1

11

0.002 (12.3)

Methadone dose (mg/d)

126.2 ± 44.7

129.2 ± 48.0

130.6 ± 44.9

121.8 ± 44.3

119.3 ± 42.4

0.08 (2.5)