Table 1 Patient characteristics

Panel A: for all index events

n

10,871

4,929

303

716

4,313

610

Follow-Up Time (mean (SD))

39.56 (16.01)

36.78 (14.62)

35.31 (11.61)

46.20 (15.13)

41.81 (17.65)

40.46 (12.01)

Age (mean (SD))

7091 (65.2)

3227 (65.5)

180 (59.4)

472 (65.9)

2806 (65.1)

406 (66.6)

Sex = Male (%)

1873 (17.2)

825 (16.7)

51 (16.8)

123 (17.2)

739 (17.1)

135 (22.1)

Homeless (%)

2057 (18.9)

499 (10.1)

194 (64.0)

13 (1.8)

1333 (30.9)

18 (3.0)

Mental Health Diagnosis (ED) (%)

2057 (18.9)

499 (10.1)

194 (64.0)

13 (1.8)

1333 (30.9)

18 (3.0)

Mental Health Diagnosis (Inpatient) (%)

1164 (10.7)

8 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

173 (24.2)

766 (17.8)

217 (35.6)

Opioid-related Diagnosis (ED) (mean (SD))

1.64 (1.08)

1.66 (1.11)

1.74 (1.36)

1.80 (1.20)

1.60 (1.01)

1.52 (0.96)

Opioid-related Diagnosis (Inpatient) (mean (SD))

3.77 (3.22)

3.83 (3.26)

4.39 (3.49)

3.80 (3.04)

3.67 (3.05)

3.58 (3.75)

Alcohol-related Diagnosis (ED) (mean (SD))

1.52 (1.08)

1.52 (1.14)

1.65 (1.40)

1.66 (1.16)

1.47 (0.98)

1.55 (1.08)

Alcohol-related Diagnosis (Inpatient) (mean (SD))

3.51 (2.83)

3.53 (2.87)

3.33 (2.78)

3.82 (3.11)

3.47 (2.72)

3.32 (2.98)

Panel B: for each patient (first index event)

n

5,367

2,340

86

314

2,497

130

Follow-Up Time (mean (SD))

826.67 (509.69)

834.26 (533.10)

392.15 (329.67)

570.60 (287.56)

895.86 (490.71)

267.11 (164.46)

Age (mean (SD))

39.70 (17.54)

34.59 (15.05)

34.42 (12.36)

48.24 (15.83)

43.48 (18.77)

41.83 (14.42)

Sex = Male (%)

3359 (62.6)

1450 (62.0)

47 (54.7)

200 (63.7)

1580 (63.3)

82 (63.1)

Homeless (%)

890 (16.6)

372 (15.9)

11 (12.8)

52 (16.6)

425 (17.0)

30 (23.1)

Mental Health Diagnosis (ED) (%)

1052 (19.6)

275 (11.8)

61 (70.9)

4 (1.3)

705 (28.2)

7 (5.4)

Mental Health Diagnosis (Inpatient) (%)

594 (11.1)

4 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

77 (24.5)

472 (18.9)

41 (31.5)

Opioid-related Diagnosis (ED) (mean (SD))

1.61 (1.06)

1.59 (1.13)

2.00 (1.88)

1.97 (1.15)

1.56 (0.92)

1.39 (0.92)

Opioid-related Diagnosis (Inpatient) (mean (SD))

3.94 (3.23)

4.16 (3.21)

4.00 (2.24)

3.47 (3.44)

3.78 (3.21)

4.00 (3.80)

Alcohol-related Diagnosis (ED) (mean (SD))

1.50 (1.06)

1.51 (1.14)

1.83 (1.83)

1.58 (0.89)

1.46 (0.96)

1.66 (1.13)

Alcohol-related Diagnosis (Inpatient) (mean (SD))

3.54 (2.85)

3.54 (2.86)

2.75 (2.34)

3.95 (3.58)

3.52 (2.76)

3.17 (2.59)

Panel C: for outcome events

n

2,127

1,303

97

82

507

138

Follow-Up Time (mean (SD))

9.21 (8.61)

7.98 (8.47)

11.10 (8.71)

10.01 (7.60)

11.49 (8.64)

10.69 (8.21)

Age (mean (SD))

39.38 (13.54)

40.14 (13.94)

43.10 (13.17)

35.80 (10.29)

37.03 (13.24)

40.40 (11.05)

Sex = Male (%)

1537 (72.3)

954 (73.2)

72 (74.2)

49 (59.8)

366 (72.2)

96 (69.6)

Homeless (%)

352 (16.5)

209 (16.0)

18 (18.6)

11 (13.4)

85 (16.8)

29 (21.0)

Mental Health Diagnosis (ED) (%)

318 (15.0)

82 (6.3)

2 (2.1)

46 (56.1)

184 (36.3)

4 (2.9)

Mental Health Diagnosis (Inpatient) (%)

143 (6.7)

1 (0.1)

24 (24.7)

0 (0.0)

69 (13.6)

49 (35.5)

Opioid-related Diagnosis (ED) (mean (SD))

1.71 (1.16)

1.82 (1.24)

1.88 (1.13)

1.12 (0.35)

1.51 (0.92)

1.79 (1.40)

Opioid-related Diagnosis (Inpatient) (mean (SD))

3.67 (3.23)

3.55 (2.81)

5.00 (3.44)

5.12 (4.52)

3.34 (2.74)

3.50 (5.35)

Alcohol-related Diagnosis (ED) (mean (SD))

1.50 (1.10)

1.52 (1.20)

1.65 (0.92)

1.38 (1.02)

1.40 (0.88)

1.60 (1.05)

Alcohol-related Diagnosis (Inpatient) (mean (SD))

3.56 (2.96)

3.50 (2.92)

5.10 (3.05)

3.67 (3.72)

3.32 (2.26)

3.58 (4.14)