Canadian Institute for Health Information: Pan-Canadian trends in the prescribing of opioids, 2012 to 2016 Ottawa ON 2017 [Available from: https://www.cihi.ca/sites/default/files/document/pan-canadian-trends-opioid-prescribing-2017-en-web.pdf].
Van Ameringen M, Mancini C, Patterson B, Boyle MH. Post-traumatic stress disorder in Canada. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2008;14(3):171–81.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
WHO. World Health Organization. Principles of drug dependence treatment Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2008 [Available from: http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/principles_drug_dependence_treatment.pdf?ua=1].
Public Health Agency of Canada. Notice of intent to restrict the marketing and advertising of opioids Ottawa Ontario 2018 [Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/drug-products/announcements/restrict-advertising-opioids.html].
Webster P. Oversight of opioid advertising in Canada remains lax despite new federal guidance. CMAJ. 2018;190(23):E730–E1.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Astals M, Domingo-Salvany A, Buenaventura CC, Tato J, Vazquez JM, Martin-Santos R, et al. Impact of substance dependence and dual diagnosis on the quality of life of heroin users seeking treatment. Subst Use Misuse. 2008;43(5):612–32.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bogdanowicz KM, Stewart R, Broadbent M, Hatch SL, Hotopf M, Strang J, et al. Double trouble: psychiatric comorbidity and opioid addiction-all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;148:85–92.
PubMed
Google Scholar
MLD G, Dodd DR, Potter JS. Baseline characteristics and treatment outcomes in prescription opioid dependent patients with and without co-occurring psychiatric disorder. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2015;40:157–62.
Google Scholar
Saunders EC, McGovern MP, Lambert-Harris C, Meier A, McLeman B, Xie H. The impact of addiction medications on treatment outcomes for persons with co-occurring PTSD and opioid use disorders. Am J Addict. 2015;24(8):722–31.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Brooner RK, King VL, Kidorf M, Schmidt CW Jr, Bigelow GE. Psychiatric and substance use comorbidity among treatment-seeking opioid abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54(1):71–80.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brannen CD, Dyck K, Hardy, C, Mushquash, C. Rural mental health services in Canda: a model for research and practice. In: Kulig JW, A., editor. Health in Rural Canada. Vancouver, BC, Canada: UBC Press; 2012. p. 239-255.
Canadian Institute for Health Information. Canadian Population Health Initiative. How healthy are rural Canadians? An assessment of their health status and health determinants. Canadian Institute for Health Information; 2006.
Ward M. Short report#5: mental health in Northern Ontario. Northern Health Information Partnership; 2005.
Google Scholar
Minore B, M. Boone, M.E. Hill, A. Lyubechansky, R. Kuzik, and C. Macdonald. Towards using family health teams to care for chronic mental health clients in Northern Ontario: Barriers, Opportunities and Training Needs. Centre for rural and Northern Health Research, Lakehead University; 2005.
J. H. Rural health and the health of rural communities. 1998.
World Health Organization: Prevention of mental disorders. Summary Report Geneva Switzerland: WHO; [Available from: http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/en/prevention_of_mental_disorders_sr.pdf].
Mattick RP, Breen C, Kimber J, Davoli M. Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;3:CD002209.
Google Scholar
Nosyk B, Marsh DC, Sun H, Schechter MT, Anis AH. Trends in methadone maintenance treatment participation, retention, and compliance to dosing guidelines in British Columbia, Canada: 1996-2006. J Subst Abus Treat. 2010;39(1):22–31.
Google Scholar
Bell J, Burrell T, Indig D, Gilmour S. Cycling in and out of treatment; participation in methadone treatment in NSW, 1990-2002. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006;81(1):55–61.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Galai N, Safaeian M, Vlahov D, Bolotin A, Celentano DD, Study A. Longitudinal patterns of drug injection behavior in the ALIVE study cohort,1988-2000: description and determinants. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158(7):695–704.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dobler-Mikola A, Hattenschwiler J, Meili D, Beck T, Boni E, Modestin J. Patterns of heroin, cocaine, and alcohol abuse during long-term methadone maintenance treatment. J Subst Abus Treat. 2005;29(4):259–65.
Google Scholar
Bovasso G, Cacciola J. The long-term outcomes of drug use by methadone maintenance patients. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2003;30(3):290–303.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Termorshuizen F, Krol A, Prins M, Geskus R, van den Brink W, van Ameijden EJ. Prediction of relapse to frequent heroin use and the role of methadone prescription: an analysis of the Amsterdam Cohort Study among drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005;79(2):231–40.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hedegaard H, Warner, M., Miniño, A. M. Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999–2016 NCHS Data Brief No. 294 2017 [Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db294.htm].
Public Health Agency of Canada. Statement from the co-chairs of the Special Advisory Committee on the Epidemic of Opioid Overdoses on Updates to Opioid-Related Mortality Data. Ottawa, ON 2018 [Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/news/2018/03/statement-from-the-co-chairs-of-thespecial-advisory-committee-on-the-epidemic-of-opioid-o.html].
Gomes TGS, Martins D. Latest trends in opioid-related deaths in Ontario: 1991 to 2015 Toronto: Ontario Drug Policy Research Network; 2017 [Available from: http://odprn.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/ODPRN-Report_Latest-trends-in-opioid-related-deaths.pdf].
Martins DGS, Tadrous M, Paterson M, Bandola D, Singh S, Juurlink D, Mamdani M, Gomes T. Opioid use and related adverse events in Ontario. Ontario Drug Policy Research Network Toronto Ontario: ODPRN; 2016 [Available from: http://odprn.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/ODPRN-Opioid-Use-and-Related-Adverse-Events-Nov-2016.pdf].
Canadian Institute for Health Information, Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. Hospitalizations and emergency department visits due to opioid poisoning in Canada. Ottawa ON: CIHI; 2016 [Available from: https://secure.cihi.ca/free_products/Opioid%20Poisoning%20Report%20%20EN.pdf].
Kingston Frontenac and Addington Public Health Unit Kingston, Ontario, Canada: KFL&A Public Health Informatics [Available from: https://public.tableau.com/profile/kflaphi#!/vizhome/OntarioOpioidSurveillanceMonitor/ACESEDVisits].
Andrews G, Henderson S, Hall W. Prevalence, comorbidity, disability and service utilisation. Overview of the Australian National Mental Health Survey. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;178:145–53.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Amato L, Minozzi S, Davoli M, Vecchi S. Psychosocial combined with agonist maintenance treatments versus agonist maintenance treatments alone for treatment of opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;10:CD004147.
Google Scholar
Dugosh K, Abraham A, Seymour B, McLoyd K, Chalk M, Festinger D. A systematic review on the use of psychosocial interventions in conjunction with medications for the treatment of opioid addiction. J Addict Med. 2016;10(2):91–101.
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mamakwa S, Kahan M, Kanate D, Kirlew M, Folk D, Cirone S, et al. Evaluation of 6 remote First Nations community-based buprenorphine programs in northwestern Ontario: retrospective study. Can Fam Physician. 2017;63(2):137–45.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Dhalla IA, Cornish S, Paterson JM, Juurlink DN. The burden of premature opioid-related mortality. Addiction. 2014;109(9):1482–8.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gomes T, Juurlink D, Moineddin R, Gozdyra P, Dhalla I, Paterson M, et al. Geographical variation in opioid prescribing and opioid-related mortality in Ontario. Healthcare Quarterly. 2011;14(1):22–4.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kiepek N, Groom B, Toppozini D, Kakekagumick K, Muileboom J, Kelly L. Evaluation of an inpatient medical withdrawal program in rural Ontario: a 1-year prospective study. Can J Rural Med. 2015;20(3):92–7.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Volkow ND. America’s addiction to opioids: heroin and prescription drug abuse [Available from: https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/institutes/olpa/20140514-senate-testimony-volkow.pdf].
Nosyk B, MacNab YC, Sun H, Fischer B, Marsh DC, Schechter MT, et al. Proportional hazards frailty models for recurrent methadone maintenance treatment. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;170(6):783–92.
PubMed
Google Scholar
von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gotzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP, et al. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Rev Esp Salud Publica. 2008;82(3):251–9.
Google Scholar
Eibl JK, Gomes T, Martins D, Camacho X, Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, et al. Evaluating the effectiveness of first-time methadone maintenance therapy across northern, rural, and urban regions of Ontario. Canada J Addict Med. 2015;9(6):440–6.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ministry of Health and Long Term Care. Opioid Agonist Maintenance Program (OAMP) monthly management fee and point of care drug testing health services Branch; 2012 [Available from: http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/pro/programs/ohip/bulletins/4000/bul4548.pdf].
Mamdani M, Rochon P, Juurlink DN, Anderson GM, Kopp A, Naglie G, et al. Effect of selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors and naproxen on short-term risk of acute myocardial infarction in the elderly. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(4):481–6.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Juurlink DN. Proton pump inhibitors and clopidogrel: putting the interaction in perspective. Circulation. 2009;120(23):2310–2.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Lipscombe LL, Austin PC, Hux JE, Mamdani MM. Adverse cardiovascular events during treatment with pioglitazone and rosiglitazone: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2009;339:b2942.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
McConville P, Walker NP. The reliability of case register diagnoses: a birth cohort analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2000;35(3):121–7.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Frayne SM, Halanych JH, Miller DR, Wang F, Lin H, Pogach L, et al. Disparities in diabetes care: impact of mental illness. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(22):2631–8.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Frayne SM, Miller DR, Sharkansky EJ, Jackson VW, Wang F, Halanych JH, et al. Using administrative data to identify mental illness: what approach is best? Am J Med Qual. 2010;25(1):42–50.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mental Health Commission of Canada. Overview of mental health data in Canada: background, needs, and gaps, Calgary, AB 2014 [Available from: www.mentalhealthcommission.ca.
Sajatovic M, Blow FC, Ignacio RV. Psychiatric comorbidity in older adults with bipolar disorder. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;21(6):582–7.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Durbin J LE, Rush B. A study of hospital emergency service use, crisis service delivery and police response after mental health system enhancements. 2010.
Genell Andren K, Rosenqvist U. Heavy users of an emergency department--a two year follow-up study. Soc Sci Med. 1987;25(7):825–31.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Althaus F, Paroz S, Hugli O, Ghali WA, Daeppen JB, Peytremann-Bridevaux I, et al. Effectiveness of interventions targeting frequent users of emergency departments: a systematic review. Ann Emerg Med. 2011;58(1):41–52 e42.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Peles E, Linzy S, Kreek M, Adelson M. One-year and cumulative retention as predictors of success in methadone maintenance treatment: a comparison of two clinics in the United States and Israel. J Addict Dis. 2008;27(4):11–25.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Franklyn AM, Eibl JK, Gauthier G, Pellegrini D, Lightfoot NK, Marsh DC. The impact of benzodiazepine use in patients enrolled in opioid agonist therapy in Northern and rural Ontario. Harm Reduct J. 2017;14(1):6.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Yang D DJ. A unified approach to measuring the effect size between two groups using SAS 2012 [Available from: https://support.sas.com/resources/papers/proceedings12/335-2012.pdf].
Google Scholar
Austin PC. An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies. Multivar Behav Res. 2011;46(3):399–424.
Google Scholar
Szumilas M. Explaining odds ratios. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;19(3):227–9.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Moineddin R, Meaney C, Agha M, Zagorski B, Glazier RH. Modeling factors influencing the demand for emergency department services in Ontario: a comparison of methods. BMC Emerg Med. 2011;11:13.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pedan, A.. Analysis of count data using the SAS®System Tewksbury, MA SAS; [Available from: https://support.sas.com/resources/papers/proceedings/proceedings/sugi26/p247-26.pdf.
SAS version 9.4 Cary, North Carolina [Available from: https://www.sas.com/en_us/software/sas9.html].
Astals M, Diaz L, Domingo-Salvany A, Martin-Santos R, Bulbena A, Torrens M. Impact of co-occurring psychiatric disorders on retention in a methadone maintenance program: an 18-month follow-up study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2009;6(11):2822–32.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gelkopf M, Weizman T, Melamed Y, Adelson M, Bleich A. Does psychiatric comorbidity affect drug abuse treatment outcome? A prospective assessment of drug abuse, treatment tenure and infectious diseases in an Israeli methadone maintenance clinic. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci. 2006;43(2):126–36.
PubMed
Google Scholar
McLellan ATL, Luborsky L, Woody GE, O’Brien CP, Druley KA. Predicting response to alcohol and drug abuse treatments. Role of psychiatric severity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983;40(6):620–5.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Verthein U, Degkwitz P, Haasen C, Krausz M. Significance of comorbidity for the long-term course of opiate dependence. Eur Addict Res. 2005;11(1):15–21.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Saunders EC, McGovern MP, Lambert-Harris C, Meier A, McLeman B, Xie H. The impact of addiction medications on treatment outcomes for persons with co-occurring PTSD and opioid use disorders. Am J Addict. 2015.
Rounsaville BJ, Kranzler HR, Ball S, Tennen H, Poling J, Triffleman E. Personality disorders in substance abusers: relation to substance use. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1998;186(2):87–95.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hser YI, Hoffman V, Grella CE, Anglin MD. A 33-year follow-up of narcotics addicts. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(5):503–8.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
O'Brien CP, Woody GE, McLellan AT. Psychiatric disorders in opioid-dependent patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1984;45(12 Pt 2):9–13.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gryczynski J, Mitchell SG, Jaffe JH, Kelly SM, Myers CP, O'Grady KE, et al. Retention in methadone and buprenorphine treatment among African Americans. J Subst Abus Treat. 2013;45(3):287–92.
Google Scholar
Hser YI, Saxon AJ, Huang D, Hasson A, Thomas C, Hillhouse M, et al. Treatment retention among patients randomized to buprenorphine/naloxone compared to methadone in a multi-site trial. Addiction. 2014;109(1):79–87.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Agency of Health Protection and Promotion. Opioid related morbidity and mortality Toronto Ontario [Available from: https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/dataandanalytics/pages/opioid.aspx#/drug].
Opioid-related morbidity and mortality in Ontario [Internet] 2017 [Available from: https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/dataandanalytics/pages/opioid.aspx#/trends.
Kurdyak P, Stukel TA, Goldbloom D, Kopp A, Zagorski BM, Mulsant BH. Universal coverage without universal access: a study of psychiatrist supply and practice patterns in Ontario. Open Med. 2014;8(3):e87–99.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Davis KA, Sudlow CL, Hotopf M. Can mental health diagnoses in administrative data be used for research? A systematic review of the accuracy of routinely collected diagnoses. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:263.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Meltzer EC, Averbuch T, Samet JH, Saitz R, Jabbar K, Lloyd-Travaglini C, et al. Discrepancy in diagnosis and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): treatment for the wrong reason. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2012;39(2):190–201.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Nutt DS, M, Zohar, J. Post traumatic stress disorder: diagnosis, management and treatment: CRC Press; 2009.
Weinstein D, Staffelbach D, Biaggio M. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: differential diagnosis in childhood sexual abuse. Clin Psychol Rev. 2000;20(3):359–78.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vickerman KA, Margolin G. Post-traumatic stress in children and adolescents exposed to family violence: II. Treatment Prof Psychol Res Pr. 2007;38(6):620.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Naggara O, Raymond J, Guilbert F, Roy D, Weill A, Altman DG. Analysis by categorizing or dichotomizing continuous variables is inadvisable: an example from the natural history of unruptured aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011;32(3):437–40.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar