Articles
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Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2023 20:6
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Identifying drivers of increasing opioid overdose deaths among black individuals: a qualitative model drawing on experience of peers and community health workers
Black individuals in the USA face disproportionate increases in rates of fatal opioid overdose despite federal efforts to mitigate the opioid crisis. The aim of this study was to examine what drives increases ...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2023 20:5 -
Perspectives on long-acting injectable HIV antiretroviral therapy at an alternative care site: a qualitative study of people with HIV experiencing substance use and/or housing instability
Adherence to daily oral antiretroviral therapy (ART) and regular clinic appointments can be challenging for individuals who experience adverse social determinants of health. Long-acting injectable ART administ...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2023 20:4 -
‘We don’t live in a harm reduction world, we live in a prohibition world’: tensions arising in the design of drug alerts
Drug alerts designed for health and community workforces have potential to avert acute harms associated with unpredictable illicit drug markets, by preparing workers to respond to unusual drug-related events, ...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2023 20:3 -
Safety and feasibility of intranasal heroin-assisted treatment: 4-week preliminary findings from a Swiss multicentre observational study
Heroin-assisted treatment (HAT) is effective for individuals with severe opioid use disorder (OUD) who do not respond sufficiently to other opioid agonist treatments. It is mostly offered with injectable diace...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2023 20:2 -
Remote harm reduction services are key solutions to reduce the impact of COVID-19-like crises on people who use drugs: evidence from two independent structures in France and in the USA
Harm Reduction (HR) policies for People Who Use Drugs (PWUD) have a significant positive impact on their health. Such approaches limit the spread of infections and reduce opioid overdose mortality. These polic...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2023 20:1 -
Accessing needle exchange services in disasters for remote areas of Aotearoa New Zealand
Needle Exchange Programme (NEP) mobile outreach services in Aotearoa New Zealand distribute injecting equipment to people who inject drugs (PWID) living in remote regions. In disasters, continued access to suc...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:145 -
Analysis of four syringe dispensing machine point-of-access data 2017–2020 in Melbourne, Australia: machine utilisation and client demographics
Australian needle and syringe distribution occurs via a mix of modalities, including syringe dispensing machines (SDMs). SDMs are electronic vending machines providing (often) 24-h access to needles/syringes a...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:144 -
Everywhere and for everyone: proportionate universalism as a framework for equitable access to community drug checking
Illicit drug overdoses have reached unprecedented levels, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Responses are needed that address the increasingly potent and unpredictable drug supply with better reach to a wi...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:143 -
Characteristics and context of fentanyl test strip use among syringe service clients in southern Wisconsin
Fentanyl adulteration of illicit drugs is a major driver of opioid-involved overdose in the USA. Fentanyl test strips are increasingly used by people who use drugs to check for fentanyl. However, little is kno...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:142 -
Exploring substance use disorder discussions in Native American communities: a retrospective Twitter infodemiology study
The opioid epidemic has had a devastating impact on youth from American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) Tribes and Villages, which also experience disparate suicide rates. The use of publicly available social...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:141 -
Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic for substance misuse services: findings from a peer-led study
The measures implemented to contain the spread of the COVID-19 virus disrupted the provision of substance misuse treatment and support. However, little is known about the impact of this disruption on individua...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:140 -
Female sex workers and police violence during the Covid-19 health crisis in 2020–2021: results from the EPIC multi-country community-based research program in Argentina
Female sex workers (FSW) have been disproportionately impacted by the Covid-19 crisis. Data show increases of police violence toward key populations (KP), likely a consequence of their role in enforcing health...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:139 -
The quality of health information provided on web sites selling cannabis to consumers in Canada is poor
Cannabis is used by millions of people for both medical and recreational purposes, and this use is even greater in jurisdictions where it is legalized, such as Canada. Online cannabis vendors have gained popul...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:138 -
Correction: Substance use, injection risk behaviors, and fentanyl‑related overdose risk among a sample of PWID post‑Hurricane Maria
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:137 -
The “goldfish bowl”: a qualitative study of the effects of heightened surveillance on people who use drugs in a rural and coastal Canadian setting
A growing body of research has focused on contextual factors that shape health and well-being of people who use drugs (PWUD). However, most of this research focuses on large cities and less is known about the ...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:136 -
Prevalence and correlates of using opioids alone among individuals in a residential treatment program in Michigan: implications for overdose mortality prevention
Avoiding use of opioids while alone reduces overdose fatality risk; however, drug use-related stigma may be a barrier to consistently using opioids in the presence of others.
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:135 -
Culture, church, and collective: a qualitative study about gambling harm prevention and reduction in Aotearoa/New Zealand—a Tongan male perspective
In New Zealand, Pacific people continue to be more at risk of gambling harm than the general population, despite increasing public health efforts and treatment service provisions introduced to address this soc...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:134 -
“We want everything in a one-stop shop”: acceptability and feasibility of PrEP and buprenorphine implementation with mobile syringe services for Black people who inject drugs
A recent surge in HIV outbreaks, driven by the opioid and stimulant use crises, has destabilized our progress toward targets set forth by Ending the HIV Epidemic: A Plan for America for the high-priority communit...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:133 -
Participant perceptions on the acceptability and feasibility of a telemedicine-based HIV PrEP and buprenorphine/naloxone program embedded within syringe services programs: a qualitative descriptive evaluation
People who inject drugs (PWID) are at risk for HIV and opioid overdose. We piloted PARTNER UP, a telemedicine-based program to provide PWID with access to both oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prev...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:132 -
Can alternative nicotine products put the final nail in the smoking coffin?
This review describes the evolution of smoking prevalence in countries with relatively high adoption of alternative nicotine products such as e-cigarettes, heated tobacco, and snus compared to neighboring coun...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:131 -
Self-injecting non-prescribed substances into vascular access devices: a case study of one health system’s ongoing journey from clinical concern to practice and policy response
Overdose-associated deaths and morbidity related to substance use is a global public health emergency with devastating social and economic costs. Complications of substance use are most pronounced among people...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:130 -
Substance use, injection risk behaviors, and fentanyl-related overdose risk among a sample of PWID post-Hurricane Maria
While natural disasters like hurricanes are increasingly common, their long-term effects on people who inject drugs are not well understood. Although brief in duration, natural disasters can radically transfor...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:129 -
Attitudes toward harm reduction and low-threshold healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic: qualitative interviews with people who use drugs in rural southern Illinois
Chronic health conditions associated with long-term drug use may pose additional risks to people who use drugs (PWUD) when coupled with COVID-19 infection. Despite this, PWUD, especially those living in rural ...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:128 -
Music festival drug checking: evaluation of an Australian pilot program
This paper explores the feasibility of delivering a music festival-based drug checking service in Australia, evaluating service design and stakeholder acceptability.
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:127 -
Difficulty accessing supervised consumption services during the COVID-19 pandemic among people who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada
The overdose crisis in Canada has worsened since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although this trend is thought to be driven in part by closures or reduced capacity of supervised consumption services (...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:126 -
Injecting drugs alone during an overdose crisis in Vancouver, Canada
Settings throughout Canada and the USA continue to experience crises of overdose death due to the toxic unregulated drug supply. Injecting drugs alone limits the potential for intervention and has accounted fo...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:125 -
Philanthropic donor perspectives about providing harm reduction services for people living with HIV/AIDS in a hospital setting
Hospital-based harm reduction services are needed to reduce drug-related harms, facilitate retention in care, and increase medical treatment adherence for people who use drugs. Philanthropic donor support play...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:124 -
Correction: Patterns of use and adverse events reported among persons who regularly inject buprenorphine: a systematic review
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:123 -
Taking the cat-and-mouse game to the next level: different perspectives on the introduction of the German New Psychoactive Substances Act
To counteract the spread of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and to prevent the emergence of novel substances, specifically designed as a response to the legal control of individual substances, a new law was ...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:122 -
Qualitative inquiry into perceptions of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among people who inject drugs living with hepatitis C in Seattle, WA, USA
The incidence of HIV among persons who inject drugs (PWID) in the USA has been increasing since 2014, signaling the need to identify effective ways to engage PWID in HIV prevention services, namely pre-exposur...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:121 -
Using nominal group technique to identify barriers and facilitators to preventing HIV using combination same-day pre-exposure prophylaxis and medications for opioid use disorder
Preventing HIV transmission among people who inject drugs (PWID) is a key element of the US Ending the HIV Epidemic strategy and includes both pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and medications for opioid use dis...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:120 -
Adherence to opioid agonist therapy predicts uptake of direct-acting antivirals in people who use drugs: results from the French national healthcare database (the ANRS FANTASIO study)
Opioid agonist therapy (OAT) is associated with reduced injection, reduced HCV transmission, and more opportunities to initiate hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment in people who use drugs (PWUD). We aimed to stu...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:119 -
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on harm reduction services in Catalonia: the experience of people who use drugs and harm reduction professionals
Harm reduction services and professionals have had to reorganise and adapt to COVID-19 prevention measures while still ensuring health and social services for people who use drugs (PUD).
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:118 -
A systematic review of the distribution of take-home naloxone in low- and middle-income countries and barriers to the implementation of take-home naloxone programs
Opioid overdose epidemic is hitting record highs worldwide, accounting for 76% of mortality related to substance use. Take-home naloxone (THN) strategies are being implemented in many developed countries that ...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:117 -
Characteristics of events in which police responded to overdoses: an examination of incident reports in Rhode Island
Narrow or non-existent Good Samaritan Law protections and harsh drug selling statutes in the USA have been shown to deter bystanders from seeking medical assistance for overdoses. Additionally, little is known...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:116 -
Selling sex in the context of substance use: social and structural drivers of transactional sex among men who use opioids in Maryland
Transactional sex is an important driver of HIV risk among people who use drugs in the USA, but there is a dearth of research characterizing men’s selling and trading of sex in the context of opioid use. To id...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:115 -
Attitude changes following short-form opioid overdose video education: a pilot study
Opioid overdose response training (OORT) and the need for its rapid expansion have become more significant as the opioid epidemic continues to be a health crisis in the USA. Limitation of funding and stigmatiz...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:114 -
Patterns of use and adverse events reported among persons who regularly inject buprenorphine: a systematic review
Given the ongoing opioid crisis, novel interventions to treat severe opioid use disorder (OUD) are urgently needed. Injectable opioid agonist therapy (iOAT) with diacetylmorphine or hydromorphone is effective ...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:113 -
Analysis of state portrayals of the risks of e-cigarette use and the cause of the EVALI outbreak
In August 2019, an outbreak of “e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury” (EVALI) prompted many states and health organizations to warn against the use of electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:112 -
‘It’s the same thing as giving them CPR training’: rural first responders’ perspectives on naloxone
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s (SAMHSA) Harm Reduction grant program expanded access to several harm reduction strategies to mitigate opioid overdose fatalities, including expa...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:111 -
“I don’t go to funerals anymore”: how people who use opioids grieve drug-related death in the US overdose epidemic
Opioid-related overdose death is a public health epidemic in much of the USA, yet little is known about how people who use opioids (PWUO) experience overdose deaths in their social networks. We explore these e...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:110 -
Law enforcement and syringe services program implementation in rural counties in Kentucky: a qualitative exploration
Existing research in urban areas has documented a multitude of ways in which law enforcement may affect risks for bloodborne infectious disease acquisition among people who inject drugs (PWID), such as via syr...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:109 -
The association of gender with receptive and distributive needle sharing among individuals who inject drugs
Injection drug use and needle sharing remains a public health concern due to the associated risk of HIV, HCV and skin and soft tissue infections. Studies have shown gendered differences in the risk environment...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:108 -
Access to needles and syringes and methadone maintenance therapy among people who inject drugs in Yangon, Myanmar: a qualitative study
Access to sterile needles, syringes and methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) is critical to reduce the prevalence of bloodborne virus infections among people who inject drugs (PWID). We aimed to explore the exp...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:107 -
“They don’t go by the law around here”: law enforcement interactions after the legalization of syringe services programs in North Carolina
In 2016, the US state of North Carolina (NC) legalized syringe services programs (SSPs), providing limited immunity from misdemeanor syringe possession when law enforcement is presented documentation that syri...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:106 -
Challenges for drug checking services in Scotland: a qualitative exploration of police perceptions
The impact of policing practices on the engagement of people who use drugs (PWUD) with harm reduction services is well evidenced. Although the police have traditionally taken an enforcement role in responding ...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:105 -
Intention to get naloxone among patients prescribed opioids for chronic pain
Prescription opioids have been increasingly prescribed for chronic pain while the opioid-related death rates grow. Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, is increasingly recommended in these patients, yet there is li...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:104 -
Heroin pipe distribution to reduce high-risk drug consumption behaviors among people who use heroin: a pilot quasi-experimental study
Heroin pipe distribution may encourage people who use heroin (PWUH) to transition from injecting to smoking heroin, reducing harms associated with injection drug use. A syringe services program (SSP) in Seattl...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:103 -
Naloxone administration by law enforcement officers in New York State (2015–2020)
The COVID-19 pandemic has amplified the need for wide deployment of effective harm reduction strategies in preventing opioid overdose mortality. Placing naloxone in the hands of key responders, including law e...
Citation: Harm Reduction Journal 2022 19:102